





Network Working Group                                       D.  Estrin
Request for Comments: 2117                                         USC
Category: Experimental                                    D. Farinacci
                                                                 CISCO
                                                              A. Helmy
                                                                   USC
                                                             D. Thaler
                                                                 UMICH
                                                            S. Deering
                                                                 XEROX
                                                            M. Handley
                                                                   UCL
                                                           V. Jacobson
                                                                   LBL
                                                                C. Liu
                                                                   USC
                                                             P. Sharma
                                                                   USC
                                                                L. Wei
                                                                 CISCO
                                                             June 1997



     Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol
                             Specification

Status of This Memo

   This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
   community.  This memo does not specify an Internet standard of any
   kind.  Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested.
   Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Acknowledgements

   The author list has been reordered to reflect the involvement in
   detailed editorial work on this specification document.  The first
   four authors are the primary editors and are listed alphabetically.
   The rest of the authors, also listed alphabetically, participated in
   all aspects of the architectural and detailed design but managed to
   get away without hacking the latex!









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1 Introduction

   This document describes a protocol for efficiently routing to
   multicast groups that may span wide-area (and inter-domain)
   internets.  We refer to the approach as Protocol Independent
   Multicast--Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) because it is not dependent on any
   particular unicast routing protocol, and because it is designed to
   support sparse groups as defined in [1][2]. This document describes
   the protocol details.  For the motivation behind the design and a
   description of the architecture, see [1][2]. Section 2 summarizes
   PIM-SM operation.  It describes the protocol from a network
   perspective, in particular, how the participating routers interact to
   create and maintain the multicast distribution tree.  Section 3
   describes PIM-SM operations from the perspective of a single router
   implementing the protocol; this section constitutes the main body of
   the protocol specification.  It is organized according to PIM-SM
   message type; for each message type we describe its contents, its
   generation, and its processing.

   Sections 3.8 and 3.9 summarize the timers and flags referred to
   throughout this document. Section 4 provides packet format details.

   The most significant functional changes since the January '95 version
   involve the Rendezvous Point-related mechanisms, several resulting
   simplifications to the protocol, and removal of the PIM-DM protocol
   details to a separate document [3] (for clarity).

2 PIM-SM Protocol Overview

   In this section we provide an overview of the architectural
   components of PIM-SM.

   A router receives explicit Join/Prune messages from those neighboring
   routers that have downstream group members. The router then forwards
   data packets addressed to a multicast group, G, only onto those
   interfaces on which explicit joins have been received. Note that all
   routers mentioned in this document are assumed to be PIM-SM capable,
   unless otherwise specified.

   A Designated Router (DR) sends periodic Join/Prune messages toward a
   group-specific Rendezvous Point (RP) for each group for which it has
   active members. Each router along the path toward the RP builds a
   wildcard (any-source) state for the group and sends Join/Prune
   messages on toward the RP. We use the term route entry to refer to
   the state maintained in a router to represent the distribution tree.
   A route entry may include such fields as the source address, the
   group address, the incoming interface from which packets are
   accepted, the list of outgoing interfaces to which packets are sent,



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   timers, flag bits, etc. The wildcard route entry's incoming interface
   points toward the RP; the outgoing interfaces point to the
   neighboring downstream routers that have sent Join/Prune messages
   toward the RP. This state creates a shared, RP-centered, distribution
   tree that reaches all group members. When a data source first sends
   to a group, its DR unicasts Register messages to the RP with the
   source's data packets encapsulated within. If the data rate is high,
   the RP can send source-specific Join/Prune messages back towards the
   source and the source's data packets will follow the resulting
   forwarding state and travel unencapsulated to the RP.  Whether they
   arrive encapsulated or natively, the RP forwards the source's
   decapsulated data packets down the RP-centered distribution tree
   toward group members.  If the data rate warrants it, routers with
   local receivers can join a source-specific, shortest path,
   distribution tree, and prune this source's packets off of the shared
   RP-centered tree. For low data rate sources, neither the RP, nor
   last-hop routers need join a source-specific shortest path tree and
   data packets can be delivered via the shared, RP-tree.

   The following subsections describe SM operation in more detail, in
   particular, the control messages, and the actions they trigger.

2.1 Local hosts joining a group


   In order to join a multicast group, G, a host conveys its membership
   information through the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), as
   specified in [4][5], (see figure 1).  From this point on we refer to
   such a host as a receiver, R, (or member) of the group G.

   Note that all figures used in this section are for illustration and
   are not intended to be complete. For complete and detailed protocol
   action see Section 3.

      [Figures are present only in the postscript version]
      Fig. 1  Example: how a receiver joins, and sets up shared tree


   When a DR (e.g., router A in figure 1) gets a membership indication
   from IGMP for a new group, G, the DR looks up the associated RP. The
   DR creates a wildcard multicast route entry for the group, referred
   to here as a (*,G) entry; if there is no more specific match for a
   particular source, the packet will be forwarded according to this
   entry.







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   The RP address is included in a special field in the route entry and
   is included in periodic upstream Join/Prune messages. The outgoing
   interface is set to that included in the IGMP membership indication
   for the new member.  The incoming interface is set to the interface
   used to send unicast packets to the RP.

   When there are no longer directly connected members for the group,
   IGMP notifies the DR.  If the DR has neither local members nor
   downstream receivers, the (*,G) state is deleted.

2.2 Establishing the RP-rooted shared tree

   Triggered by the (*,G) state, the DR creates a Join/Prune message
   with the RP address in its join list and the the wildcard bit (WC-
   bit) and RP-tree bit (RPT-bit) set to 1. The WC-bit indicates that
   any source may match and be forwarded according to this entry if
   there is no longer match; the RPT-bit indicates that this join is
   being sent up the shared, RP-tree. The prune list is left empty. When
   the RPT-bit is set to 1 it indicates that the join is associated with
   the shared RP-tree and therefore the Join/Prune message is propagated
   along the RP-tree. When the WC-bit is set to 1 it indicates that the
   address is an RP and the downstream receivers expect to receive
   packets from all sources via this (shared tree) path. The term RPT-
   bit is used to refer to both the RPT-bit flags associated with route
   entries, and the RPT-bit included in each encoded address in a
   Join/Prune message.

   Each upstream router creates or updates its multicast route entry for
   (*,G) when it receives a Join/Prune with the RPT-bit and WC-bit set.
   The interface on which the Join/Prune message arrived is added to the
   list of outgoing interfaces (oifs) for (*,G). Based on this entry
   each upstream router between the receiver and the RP sends a
   Join/Prune message in which the join list includes the RP. The packet
   payload contains Multicast-Address=G, Join=RP,WC-bit,RPT-bit,
   Prune=NULL.

2.3 Hosts sending to a group

   When a host starts sending multicast data packets to a group,
   initially its DR must deliver each packet to the RP for distribution
   down the RP-tree (see figure 2).  The sender's DR initially
   encapsulates each data packet in a Register message and unicasts it
   to the RP for that group. The RP decapsulates each Register message
   and forwards the enclosed data packet natively to downstream members
   on the shared RP-tree.

      [Figures are present only in the postscript version]
      Fig. 2  Example: a host sending to a group



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   If the data rate of the source warrants the use of a source-specific
   shortest path tree (SPT), the RP may construct a new multicast route
   entry that is specific to the source, hereafter referred to as (S,G)
   state, and send periodic Join/Prune messages toward the source. Note
   that over time, the rules for when to switch can be modified without
   global coordination.  When and if the RP does switch to the SPT, the
   routers between the source and the RP build and maintain (S,G) state
   in response to these messages and send (S,G) messages upstream toward
   the source.

   The source's DR must stop encapsulating data packets in Registers
   when (and so long as) it receives Register-Stop messages from the RP.
   The RP triggers Register-Stop messages in response to Registers, if
   the RP has no downstream receivers for the group (or for that
   particular source), or if the RP has already joined the (S,G) tree
   and is receiving the data packets natively.  Each source's DR
   maintains, per (S,G), a Register-Suppression-timer.  The Register-
   Suppression-timer is started by the Register-Stop message; upon
   expiration, the source's DR resumes sending data packets to the RP,
   encapsulated in Register messages.

2.4 Switching from shared tree (RP-tree)  to  shortest  path  tree  (SP-
      tree)

   A router with directly-connected members first joins the shared RP-
   tree.  The router can switch to a source's shortest path tree (SP-
   tree) after receiving packets from that source over the shared RP-
   tree. The recommended policy is to initiate the switch to the SP-tree
   after receiving a significant number of data packets during a
   specified time interval from a particular source. To realize this
   policy the router can monitor data packets from sources for which it
   has no source-specific multicast route entry and initiate such an
   entry when the data rate exceeds the configured threshold.  As shown
   in figure 3, router `A' initiates a (S,G) state.

      [Figures are present only in the postscript version]
      Fig. 3  Example: Switching from shared tree to shortest path tree

   When a (S,G) entry is activated (and periodically so long as the
   state exists), a Join/Prune message is sent upstream towards the
   source, S, with S in the join list. The payload contains Multicast-
   Address=G, Join=S, Prune=NULL. When the (S,G) entry is created, the
   outgoing interface list is copied from (*,G), i.e., all local shared
   tree branches are replicated in the new shortest path tree. In this
   way when a data packet from S arrives and matches on this entry, all
   receivers will continue to receive the source's packets along this
   path. (In more complicated scenarios, other entries in the router
   have to be considered, as described in Section 3). Note that (S,G)



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   state must be maintained in each last-hop router that is responsible
   for initiating and maintaining an SP-tree. Even when (*,G) and (S,G)
   overlap, both states are needed to trigger the source-specific
   Join/Prune messages.  (S,G) state is kept alive by data packets
   arriving from that source. A timer, Entry-timer, is set for the (S,G)
   entry and this timer is restarted whenever data packets for (S,G) are
   forwarded out at least one oif, or Registers are sent.  When the
   Entry-timer expires, the state is deleted. The last-hop router is the
   router that delivers the packets to their ultimate end-system
   destination.  This is the router that monitors if there is group
   membership and joins or prunes the appropriate distribution trees in
   response.  In general the last-hop router is the Designated Router
   (DR) for the LAN. However, under various conditions described later,
   a parallel router connected to the same LAN may take over as the
   last-hop router in place of the DR.

   Only the RP and routers with local members can initiate switching to
   the SP-tree; intermediate routers do not. Consequently, last-hop
   routers create (S,G) state in response to data packets from the
   source, S; whereas intermediate routers only create (S,G) state in
   response to Join/Prune messages from downstream that have S in the
   Join list.

   The (S,G) entry is initialized with the SPT-bit cleared, indicating
   that the shortest path tree branch from S has not yet been setup
   completely, and the router can still accept packets from S that
   arrive on the (*,G) entry's indicated incoming interface (iif). Each
   PIM multicast entry has an associated incoming interface on which
   packets are expected to arrive.

   When a router with a (S,G) entry and a cleared SPT-bit starts to
   receive packets from the new source S on the iif for the (S,G) entry,
   and that iif differs from the (*,G) entry's iif, the router sets the
   SPT-bit, and sends a Join/Prune message towards the RP, indicating
   that the router no longer wants to receive packets from S via the
   shared RP-tree. The Join/Prune message sent towards the RP includes S
   in the prune list, with the RPT-bit set indicating that S's packets
   must not be forwarded down this branch of the shared tree. If the
   router receiving the Join/Prune message has (S,G) state (with or
   without the route entry's RPT-bit flag set), it deletes the arriving
   interface from the (S,G) oif list.  If the router has only (*,G)
   state, it creates an entry with the RPT-bit flag set to 1. For









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   brevity we refer to an (S,G) entry that has the RPT-bit flag set to 1
   as an (S,G)RPT-bit entry. This notational distinction is useful to
   point out the different actions taken for (S,G) entries depending on
   the setting of the RPT-bit flag. Note that a router can have no more
   than one active (S,G) entry for any particular S and G, at any
   particular time; whether the RPT-bit flag is set or not. In other
   words, a router never has both an (S,G) and an (S,G)RPT-bit entry for
   the same S and G at the same time. The Join/Prune message payload
   contains Multicast-Address=G, Join=NULL, Prune=S,RPT-bit.

   A new receiver may join an existing RP-tree on which source-specific
   prune state has been established (e.g., because downstream receivers
   have switched to SP-trees). In this case the prune state must be
   eradicated upstream of the new receiver to bring all sources' data
   packets down to the new receiver.  Therefore, when a (*,G) Join
   arrives at a router that has any (Si,G)RPT-bit entries (i.e., entries
   that cause the router to send source-specific prunes toward the RP),
   these entries must be updated upstream of the router so as to bring
   all sources' packets down to the new member. To accomplish this, each
   router that receives a (*,G) Join/Prune message updates all existing
   (S,G)RPT-bit entries. The router may also trigger a (*,G) Join/Prune
   message upstream to cause the same updating of RPT-bit settings
   upstream and pull down all active sources' packets. If the arriving
   (*,G) join has some sources included in its prune list, then the
   corresponding (S,G)RPT-bit entries are left unchanged (i.e., the
   RPT-bit remains set and no oif is added).

2.5 Steady state maintenance of distribution tree (i.e., router state)

   In the steady state each router sends periodic Join/Prune messages
   for each active PIM route entry; the Join/Prune messages are sent to
   the neighbor indicated in the corresponding entry. These messages are
   sent periodically to capture state, topology, and membership changes.
   A Join/Prune message is also sent on an event-triggered basis each
   time a new route entry is established for some new source (note that
   some damping function may be applied, e.g., a short delay to allow
   for merging of new Join information). Join/Prune messages do not
   elicit any form of explicit acknowledgment; routers recover from lost
   packets using the periodic refresh mechanism.

2.6 Obtaining RP information

   To obtain the RP information, all routers within a PIM domain collect
   Bootstrap messages. Bootstrap messages are sent hop-by-hop within the
   domain; the domain's bootstrap router (BSR) is responsible for
   originating the Bootstrap messages. Bootstrap messages are used to
   carry out a dynamic BSR election when needed and to distribute RP
   information in steady state.



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   A domain in this context is a contiguous set of routers that all
   implement PIM and are configured to operate within a common boundary
   defined by PIM Multicast Border Routers (PMBRs). PMBRs connect each
   PIM domain to the rest of the internet.

   Routers use a set of available RPs (called the {RP-Set}) distributed
   in Bootstrap messages to get the proper Group to RP mapping. The
   following paragraphs summarize the mechanism; details of the
   mechanism may be found in Sections 3.6 and Appendix 6.2. A (small)
   set of routers, within a domain, are configured as candidate BSRs
   and, through a simple election mechanism, a single BSR is selected
   for that domain. A set of routers within a domain are also configured
   as candidate RPs (C-RPs); typically these will be the same routers
   that are configured as C-BSRs.  Candidate RPs periodically unicast
   Candidate-RP-Advertisement messages (C-RP-Advs) to the BSR of that
   domain. C-RP-Advs include the address of the advertising C-RP, as
   well as an optional group address and a mask length field, indicating
   the group prefix(es) for which the candidacy is advertised.  The BSR
   then includes a set of these Candidate-RPs (the RP-Set), along with
   the corresponding group prefixes, in Bootstrap messages it
   periodically originates.  Bootstrap messages are distributed hop-by-
   hop throughout the domain.

   Routers receive and store Bootstrap messages originated by the BSR.
   When a DR gets a membership indication from IGMP for (or a data
   packet from) a directly connected host, for a group for which it has
   no entry, the DR uses a hash function to map the group address to one
   of the C-RPs whose Group-prefix includes the group (see Section 3.7).
   The DR then sends a Join/Prune message towards (or unicasts Registers
   to) that RP.

   The Bootstrap message indicates liveness of the RPs included therein.
   If an RP is included in the message, then it is tagged as `up' at the
   routers; while RPs not included in the message are removed from the
   list of RPs over which the hash algorithm acts. Each router continues
   to use the contents of the most recently received Bootstrap message
   until it receives a new Bootstrap message.

   If a PIM domain partitions, each area separated from the old BSR will
   elect its own BSR, which will distribute an RP-Set containing RPs
   that are reachable within that partition. When the partition heals,
   another election will occur automatically and only one of the BSRs
   will continue to send out Bootstrap messages. As is expected at the
   time of a partition or healing, some disruption in packet delivery
   may occur.  This time will be on the order of the region's round-trip
   time and the bootstrap router timeout value.





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2.7 Interoperation with dense mode  protocols such as DVMRP

   In order to interoperate with networks that run dense-mode,
   {broadcast and prune}, protocols, such as DVMRP, all packets
   generated within a PIM-SM region must be pulled out to that region's
   PIM Multicast Border Routers (PMBRs) and injected (i.e., broadcast)
   into the DVMRP network.  A PMBR is a router that sits at the boundary
   of a PIM-SM domain and interoperates with other types of multicast
   routers such as those that run DVMRP.  Generally a PMBR would speak
   both protocols and implement interoperability functions not required
   by regular PIM routers. To support interoperability, a special entry
   type, referred to as (*,*,RP), must be supported by all PIM routers.
   For this reason we include details about (*,*,RP) entry handling in
   this general PIM specification.

   A data packet will match on a (*,*,RP) entry if there is no more
   specific entry (such as (S,G) or (*,G)) and the destination group
   address in the packet maps to the RP listed in the (*,*,RP) entry. In
   this sense, a (*,*,RP) entry represents an aggregation of all the
   groups that hash to that RP. PMBRs initialize (*,*,RP) state for each
   RP in the domain's RPset. The (*,*,RP) state causes the PMBRs to send
   (*,*,RP) Join/Prune messages toward each of the active RPs in the
   domain.  As a result distribution trees are built that carry all data
   packets originated within the PIM domain (and sent to the RPs) down
   to the PMBRs.

   PMBRs are also responsible for delivering externally-generated
   packets to routers within the PIM domain. To do so, PMBRs initially
   encapsulate externally-originated packets (i.e., received on DVMRP
   interfaces) in Register messages and unicast them to the
   corresponding RP within the PIM domain. The Register message has a
   bit indicating that it was originated by a border router and the RP
   caches the originating PMBR's address in the route entry so that
   duplicate Registers from other PMBRs can be declined with a
   Register-Stop message.

   All PIM routers must be capable of supporting (*,*,RP) state and
   interpreting associated Join/Prune messages. We describe the handling
   of (*,*,RP) entries and messages throughout this document; however,
   detailed PIM Multicast Border Router (PMBR) functions will be
   specified in a separate interoperability document (see directory,
   http://catarina.usc.edu/pim/interop/).

2.8 Multicast data packet processing

   Data packets are processed in a manner similar to other multicast
   schemes.  A router first performs a longest match on the source and
   group address in the data packet. A (S,G) entry is matched first if



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   one exists; a (*,G) entry is matched otherwise. If neither state
   exists, then a (*,*,RP) entry match is attempted as follows: the
   router hashes on G to identify the RP for group G, and looks for a
   (*,*,RP) entry that has this RP address associated with it.  If none
   of the above exists, then the packet is dropped. If a state is
   matched, the router compares the interface on which the packet
   arrived to the incoming interface field in the matched route entry.
   If the iif check fails the packet is dropped, otherwise the packet is
   forwarded to all interfaces listed in the outgoing interface list.

   Some special actions are needed to deliver packets continuously while
   switching from the shared to shortest-path tree. In particular, when
   a (S,G) entry is matched, incoming packets are forwarded as follows:

      1    If the SPT-bit is set, then:


           1    if the incoming interface is the same as a matching
                (S,G) iif, the packet is forwarded to the oif-list of
                (S,G).

           2    if the incoming interface is different than a matching
                (S,G) iif , the packet is discarded.



      2    If the SPT-bit is cleared, then:


           1    if the incoming interface is the same as a matching
                (S,G) iif, the packet is forwarded to the oif-list of
                (S,G). In addition, the SPT bit is set for that entry
                if the incoming interface differs from the incoming
                interface of the (*,G) or (*,*,RP) entry.

           2    if the incoming interface is different than a matching
                (S,G) iif, the incoming interface is tested against a
                matching (*,G) or (*,*,RP) entry. If the iif is the
                same as one of those, the packet is forwarded to the
                oif-list of the matching entry.

           3    Otherwise the iif does not match any entry for G and
                the packet is discarded.

   Data packets never trigger prunes.  However, data packets may trigger
   actions that in turn trigger prunes. For example, when router B in
   figure 3 decides to switch to SP-tree at step 3, it creates a (S,G)
   entry with SPT-bit set to 0. When data packets from S arrive at



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   interface 2 of B, B sets the SPT-bit to 1 since the iif for (*,G) is
   different than that for (S,G). This triggers the sending of prunes
   towards the RP.

2.9 Operation over Multi-access Networks

   This section describes a few additional protocol mechanisms needed to
   operate PIM over multi-access networks: Designated Router election,
   Assert messages to resolve parallel paths, and the Join/Prune-
   Suppression-Timer to suppress redundant Joins on multi-access
   networks.

   * Designated router election

   When there are multiple routers connected to a multi-access network,
   one of them must be chosen to operate as the designated router (DR)
   at any point in time.  The DR is responsible for sending triggered
   Join/Prune and Register messages toward the RP.

   A simple designated router (DR) election mechanism is used for both
   SM and traditional IP multicast routing.  Neighboring routers send
   Hello messages to each other. The sender with the largest IP address
   assumes the role of DR. Each router connected to the multi-access LAN
   sends the Hellos periodically in order to adapt to changes in router
   status.

   * Parallel paths to a source or the RP--Assert process

   If a router receives a multicast datagram on a multi-access LAN from
   a source whose corresponding (S,G) outgoing interface list includes
   the interface to that LAN, the packet must be a duplicate.  In this
   case a single forwarder must be elected.  Using Assert messages
   addressed to `224.0.0.13' (ALL-PIM-ROUTERS group) on the LAN,
   upstream routers can resolve which one will act as the forwarder.
   Downstream routers listen to the Asserts so they know which one was
   elected, and therefore where to send subsequent Joins. Typically this
   is the same as the downstream router's RPF (Reverse Path Forwarding)
   neighbor; but there are circumstances where this might not be the
   case, e.g., when using multiple unicast routing protocols on that
   LAN. The RPF neighbor for a particular source (or RP) is the next-hop
   router to which packets are forwarded en route to that source (or
   RP); and therefore is considered a good path via which to accept
   packets from that source.

   The upstream router elected is the one that has the shortest distance
   to the source. Therefore, when a packet is received on an outgoing
   interface a router sends an Assert message on the multi-access LAN
   indicating what metric it uses to reach the source of the data



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   packet.  The router with the smallest numerical metric (with ties
   broken by highest address) will become the forwarder. All other
   upstream routers will delete the interface from their outgoing
   interface list. The downstream routers also do the comparison in case
   the forwarder is different than the RPF neighbor.

   Associated with the metric is a metric preference value. This is
   provided to deal with the case where the upstream routers may run
   different unicast routing protocols. The numerically smaller metric
   preference is always preferred. The metric preference is treated as
   the high-order part of an assert metric comparison.  Therefore, a
   metric value can be compared with another metric value provided both
   metric preferences are the same.  A metric preference can be assigned
   per unicast routing protocol and needs to be consistent for all
   routers on the multi-access network.

   Asserts are also needed for (*,G) entries since an RP-Tree and an
   SP-Tree for the same group may both cross the same multi- access
   network. When an assert is sent for a (*,G) entry, the first bit in
   the metric preference (RPT-bit) is always set to 1 to indicate that
   this path corresponds to the RP tree, and that the match must be done
   on (*,G) if it exists. Furthermore, the RPT-bit is always cleared for
   metric preferences that refer to SP-tree entries; this causes an SP-
   tree path to always look better than an RP-tree path. When the SP-
   tree and RPtree cross the same LAN, this mechanism eliminates the
   duplicates that would otherwise be carried over the LAN.

   In case the packet, or the Assert message, matches  on  oif  for
   (*,*,RP) entry, a (*,G) entry is created, and asserts take place as
   if the matching state were (*,G).

   The DR may lose the (*,G) Assert process to another router on the LAN
   if there are multiple paths to the RP through the LAN.  From then on,
   the DR is no longer the last-hop router for local receivers and
   removes the LAN from its (*,G) oif list. The winning router becomes
   the last-hop router and is responsible for sending (*,G) join
   messages to the RP.

   * Join/Prune suppression

   Join/Prune suppression may be used on multi-access LANs to reduce
   duplicate control message overhead; it is not required for correct
   performance of the protocol. If a Join/Prune message arrives and
   matches on the incoming interface for an existing (S,G), (*,G), or
   (*,*,RP) route entry, and the Holdtime included in the Join/Prune
   message is greater than the recipient's own [Join/Prune-Holdtime]
   (with ties resolved in favor of the higher IP address), a timer (the
   Join/Prune-Suppression-timer) in the recipient's route entry may be



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   started to suppress further Join/Prune messages.  After this timer
   expires, the recipient triggers a Join/Prune message, and resumes
   sending periodic Join/Prunes, for this entry. The Join/Prune-
   Suppression-timer should be restarted each time a Join/Prune message
   is received with a higher Holdtime.

2.10 Unicast Routing Changes

   When unicast routing changes, an RPF check is done on all active
   (S,G), (*,G) and (*,*,RP) entries, and all affected expected incoming
   interfaces are updated.  In particular, if the new incoming interface
   appears in the outgoing interface list, it is deleted from the
   outgoing interface list. The previous incoming interface may be added
   to the outgoing interface list by a subsequent Join/Prune from
   downstream.  Join/Prune messages received on the current incoming
   interface are ignored.  Join/Prune messages received on new
   interfaces or existing outgoing interfaces are not ignored. Other
   outgoing interfaces are left as is until they are explicitly pruned
   by downstream routers or are timed out due to lack of appropriate
   Join/Prune messages. If the router has a (S,G) entry with the SPT-bit
   set, and the updated iif(S,G) does not differ from iif(*,G) or
   iif(*,*,RP), then the router resets the SPT-bit.

   The router must send a Join/Prune message with S in the Join list out
   any new incoming interfaces to inform upstream routers that it
   expects multicast datagrams over the interface.  It may also send a
   Join/Prune message with S in the Prune list out the old incoming
   interface, if the link is operational, to inform upstream routers
   that this part of the distribution tree is going away.

2.11 PIM-SM for Inter-Domain Multicast

   Future documents will address the use of PIM-SM as a backbone inter-
   domain multicast routing protocol. Design choices center primarily
   around the distribution and usage of RP information for wide area,
   inter-domain groups.

2.12 Security

   All PIM control messages may use IPsec [6] to address security
   concerns.  Security mechanisms are likely to be enhanced in the near
   future.

3 Detailed Protocol Description

   This section describes the protocol operations from the perspective
   of an individual router implementation.  In particular, for each
   message type we describe how it is generated and processed.



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3.1 Hello

   Hello messages are sent so neighboring routers can discover each
   other.

3.1.1 Sending Hellos

   Hello messages are sent periodically between PIM neighbors, every
   [Hello-Period] seconds.  This informs routers what interfaces have
   PIM neighbors.  Hello messages are multicast using address 224.0.0.13
   (ALL-PIM-ROUTERS group). The packet includes a Holdtime, set to
   [Hello-Holdtime], for neighbors to keep the information valid.
   Hellos are sent on all types of communication links.

3.1.2 Receiving Hellos

   When a router receives a Hello message, it stores the IP address for
   that neighbor, sets its Neighbor-timer for the Hello sender to the
   Holdtime included in the Hello, and determines the Designated Router
   (DR) for that interface.  The highest IP addressed system is elected
   DR. Each Hello received causes the DR's address to be updated.

   When a router that is the active DR receives a Hello from a new
   neighbor (i.e., from an IP address that is not yet in the DRs
   neighbor table), the DR unicasts its most recent RP-set information
   to the new neighbor.

3.1.3 Timing out neighbor entries

   A periodic process is run to time out PIM neighbors that have not
   sent Hellos. If the DR has gone down, a new DR is chosen by scanning
   all neighbors on the interface and selecting the new DR to be the one
   with the highest IP address. If an interface has gone down, the
   router may optionally time out all PIM neighbors associated with the
   interface.

3.2 Join/Prune

   Join/Prune messages are sent to join or prune a branch off of the
   multicast distribution tree. A single message contains both a join
   and prune list, either one of which may be null.  Each list contains
   a set of source addresses, indicating the source- specific trees or
   shared tree that the router wants to join or prune.

3.2.1 Sending Join/Prune Messages

   Join/Prune messages are merged such that a message sent to a
   particular upstream neighbor, N, includes all of the current joined



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   and pruned sources that are reached via N; according to unicast
   routing Join/Prune messages are multicast to all routers on multi-
   access networks with the target address set to the next hop router
   towards S or RP. Join/Prune messages are sent every [Join/Prune-
   Period] seconds. In the future we will introduce mechanisms to rate-
   limit this control traffic on a hop by hop basis, in order to avoid
   excessive overhead on small links.  In addition, certain events cause
   triggered Join/Prune messages to be sent.

3.2.1.1 Periodic Join/Prune Messages

   A router sends a periodic Join/Prune message to each distinct RPF
   neighbor associated with each (S,G), (*,G) and (*,*,RP) entry.
   Join/Prune messages are only sent if the RPF neighbor is a PIM
   neighbor.  A periodic Join/Prune message sent to a particular RPF
   neighbor is constructed as follows:

   1    Each router determines the RP for a (*,G) entry by using
        the hash function described. The RP address (with RPT and
        WC bits set) is included in the join list of a periodic
        Join/Prune message under the following conditions:

        1    The Join/Prune message is being sent to the RPF
             neighbor toward the RP for an active (*,G) or (*,*,RP)
             entry, and

        2    The outgoing interface list in the (*,G) or (*,*,RP)
             entry is non-NULL, or the router is the DR on the same
             interface as the RPF neighbor.

   2    A particular source address, S, is included in the join
        list with the RPT and WC bits cleared under the following
        conditions:

        1    The Join/Prune message is being sent to the RPF
             neighbor toward S, and

        2    There exists an active (S,G) entry with the RPT-bit
             flag cleared, and

        3    The oif list in the (S,G) entry is not null.

   3    A particular source address, S, is included in the prune
        list with the RPT and WC bits cleared under the following
        conditions:

        1    The Join/Prune message is being sent to the RPF
             neighbor toward S, and



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        2    There exists an active (S,G) entry with the RPT-bit
             flag cleared, and

        3    The oif list in the (S,G) entry is null.

   4    A particular source address, S, is included in the prune
        list with the RPT-bit set and the WC bit cleared under the
        following conditions:

        1    The Join/Prune message is being sent to the RPF
             neighbor toward the RP and there exists a (S,G) entry
             with the RPT-bit flag set and null oif list, or

        2    The Join/Prune message is being sent to the RPF
             neighbor toward the RP, there exists a (S,G) entry
             with the RPT-bit flag cleared and SPT-bit set, and the
             incoming interface toward S is different than the
             incoming interface toward the RP, or

        3    The Join/Prune message is being sent to the RPF
             neighbor toward the RP, and there exists a (*,G) entry
             and (S,G) entry for a directly connected source.

   5    The RP address (with RPT and WC bits set) is included in
        the prune list if:

        1    The Join/Prune message is being sent to the RPF
             neighbor toward the RP and there exists a (*,G) entry
             with a null oif list (see Section 3.5.2).

3.2.1.2 Triggered Join/Prune Messages

   In addition to periodic messages, the following events will trigger
   Join/Prune messages if as a result, a) a new entry is created, or b)
   the oif list changes from null to non-null or non-null to null. The
   contents of triggered messages are the same as the periodic,
   described above.

   1    Receipt of an indication from IGMP that the state of
        directly-connected- membership has changed (i.e., new members
        have just joined `membership indication' or all members have
        left), for a group G, may cause the last-hop router to build
        or modify corresponding (*,G) state.  When IGMP indicates
        that there are no longer directly connected members, the oif
        is removed from the oif list if the oif- timer is not
        running.  A Join/Prune message is triggered if and only if
        a) a new entry is created, or b) the oif list changes from
        null to non-null or non-null to null, as follows :



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        1    If the receiving router does not have a route entry
             for G the router creates a (*,G) entry, copies the
             oif list from the corresponding (*,*,RP) entry
             (if it exists), and includes the interface included
             in the IGMP membership indication in the oif list;
             as always, the router never includes the entry's iif
             in the oif list.  The router sends a Join/Prune
             message towards the RP with the RP address and RPT-bit
             and WC-bits set in the join list. Or,

        2    If a (S,G)RPT-bit or (*,G) entry already exists, the
             interface included in the IGMP membership indication
             is added to the oif list (if it was not included already).

   2    Receipt of a Join/Prune message for (S,G), (*,G) or (*,*,RP)
        will cause building or modifying corresponding state, and
        subsequent triggering of upstream Join/Prune messages, in the
        following cases:

        1    When there is no current route entry, the RP address
             included in the Join/Prune message is checked against
             the local RP-Set information. If it matches, an entry
             will be created and the new entry will in turn trigger
             an upstream Join/Prune message. If the router has no
             RP-Set information it may discard the message, or
             optionally use the RP address included in the message.

        2    When the outgoing interface list of an (S,G)RPT-bit
             entry becomes null, the triggered Join/Prune message
             will contain S in the prune list.

        3    When there exists a (S,G)RPT-bit with null oif list,
             and an (*,G) Join/Prune message is received, the
             arriving interface is added to the oif list and a (*,G)
             Join/Prune message is triggered upstream.

        4    When there exists a (*,G) with null oif list, and a
             (*,*,RP) Join/Prune message is received, the receiving
             interface is added to the oif list and a (*,*,RP)
             Join/Prune message is triggered upstream.

   3    Receipt of a packet that matches on a (S,G) entry whose
        SPT-bit is cleared triggers the following if the packet
        arrived on the correct incoming interface and there is a
        (*,G) or (*,*,RP) entry with a different incoming
        interface: a) the router sets the SPT-bit on the (S,G)
        entry, and b) the router sends a Join/Prune message
        towards the RP with S and a set RPT-bit in the prune list.



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   4    When a Join/Prune message is received for a group G, the
        prune list is checked. If the prune list contains a source
        or RP for which the receiving router has a corresponding
        active (S,G), (*,G) or (*,*,RP) entry, and whose iif is
        that on which the Join/Prune was received, then a join for
        (S,G), (*,G) or (*,*,RP) is triggered to override the prune,
        respectively. (This is necessary in the case of parallel
        downstream routers connected to a multi-access network.)

   5    When the RP fails, the RP will not be included in the
        Bootstrap messages sent to all routers in that domain.
        This triggers the DRs to send (*,G) Join/Prune messages
        towards new RP for the group, as determined by the RP-Set
        and the hash function.  As described earlier, PMBRs trigger
        (*,*,RP) joins towards each RP in the RP-Set.

   6    When an entry's Join/Prune-Suppression timer expires, a
        Join/Prune message is triggered upstream corresponding to
        that entry, even if the outgoing interface has not
        transitioned between null and non-null states.

   7    When the RPF neighbor changes (whether due to an Assert or
        changes in unicast routing), the router sets a random delay
        timer (the Random-Delay-Join-Timer) whose expiration triggers
        sending of a Join/Prune message for the asserted route entry
        to the Assert winner (if the Join/Prune Suppression timer has
        expired.)

   We do not trigger prunes onto interfaces based on data packets.  Data
   packets that arrive on the wrong incoming interface are silently
   dropped.  However, on point-to-point interfaces triggered prunes may
   be sent as an optimization.

   3.2.1.3 Fragmentation: It is possible that a Join/Prune message
   constructed according to the preceding rules could exceed the MTU of
   a network. In this case, the message can undergo semantic
   fragmentation whereby information corresponding to different groups
   can be sent in different messages.  However, if a Join/Prune message
   must be fragmented the complete prune list corresponding to a group G
   must be included in the same Join/Prune message as the associated
   RP-tree Join for G. If such semantic fragmentation is not possible,
   IP fragmentation should be used between the two neighboring hops.









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3.2.2 Receiving Join/Prune Messages When a router receives a
           Join/Prune message, it processes it as follows.

   The receiver of the Join/Prune notes the interface on which the PIM
   message arrived, call it I. The receiver then checks to see if the
   Join/Prune message was addressed to the receiving router itself
   (i.e., the router's address appears in the Unicast Upstream Neighbor
   Router field of the Join/Prune message).  (If the router is connected
   to a multiaccess LAN, the message could be intended for a different
   router.) If the Join/Prune is for this router the following actions
   are taken.

   For each group address G, in the Join/Prune message, the associated
   join list is processed as follows. We refer to each address in the
   join list as Sj; Sj refers to the RP if the RPT- bit and WC-bit are
   both set. For each Sj in the join list of the Join/Prune message:

   1    If an address, Sj, in the join list of the Join/Prune
        message  has  the RPT-bit and WC-bit set, then Sj is the RP
        address used by the downstream router(s) and the  following
        actions are taken:

        1    If Sj is not the same as the receiving router's RP
             mapping for G, the receiving router may ignore the
             Join/Prune message with respect to that group entry.
             If the router does not have any RP-Set information, it
             may use the address Sj included in the Join/Prune
             message as the RP for the group.

        2    If Sj is the same as the receiving router's RP mapping
             for G, the receiving router adds I to the outgoing
             interface list of the (*,G) route entry (if there is
             no (*,G) entry, the router creates one first) and sets
             the Oif-timer for that interface to the Holdtime
             specified in the Join/Prune message.  In addition, the
             Oif-Deletion-Delay for that interface is set to 1/3rd
             the Holdtime specified in the Join/Prune message.

             If a (*,*,RP) entry exists, for the RP associated with
             G, then the oif list of the newly created (*,G) entry
             is copied from that (*,*,RP) entry.

        3    For each (Si,G) entry associated with group G, if Si
             is not included in the prune list, and if I is not the
             iif then interface I is added to the oif list and the
             Oif-timer for that interface in each affected entry
             is increased (never decreased) to the Holdtime included
             in the Join/Prune message.  In addition, if the



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             Oif-timer for that interface is increased, the
             Oif-Deletion-Delay for that interface is set to 1/3rd
             the Holdtime specified in the Join/Prune message.

             If the group address in the Join/Prune message is `*'
             then every (*,G) and (S,G) entry, whose group address
             hashes to the RP indicated in the (*,*,RP) Join/Prune
             message, is updated accordingly. A `*' in the group
             field of the Join/Prune is represented by a group
             address 224.0.0.0 and a group mask length of 4,
             indicating a (*,*,RP) Join.

        4    If the (Si,G) entry has its RPT-bit flag set to 1, and
             its oif list is the same as the (*,G) oif list, then
             the (Si,G)RPT-bit entry is deleted,

        5    The incoming interface is set to the interface used to
             send unicast packets to the RP in the (*,G) route
             entry, i.e., RPF interface toward the RP.

   2    For each address, Sj, in the join list whose RPT-bit and
        WC-bit are not set, and for which there is no existing (Sj,G)
        route entry, the router initiates one.  The router creates a
        (S,G) entry and copies all outgoing interfaces from the
        (S,G)RPT-bit entry, if it exists. If there is no (S,G) entry,
        the oif list is copied from the (*,G) entry; and if there is
        no (*,G) entry, the oif list is copied from the (*,*,RP)
        entry, if it exists.  In all cases, the iif of the (S,G)
        entry is always excluded from the oif list.

        1    The outgoing interface for (Sj,G) is set to I.  The
             incoming interface for (Sj,G) is set to the interface
             used to send unicast packets to Sj (i.e., the RPF
             neighbor).

        2    If the interface used to reach Sj, is the same as I,
             this represents an error (or a unicast routing change)
             and the Join/Prune must not be processed.













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   3    For each address, Sj, in the join list of the Join/Prune
        message, for which there is an existing (Sj,G) route entry,

        1    If the RPT-bit is not set for Sj listed in the
             Join/Prune message, but the RPT-bit flag is set on the
             existing (Sj,G) entry, the router clears the RPT-bit
             flag on the (Sj,G) entry, sets the incoming interface
             to point towards Sj for that (Sj,G) entry, and sends a
             Join/Prune message corresponding to that entry through
             the new incoming interface; and

        2    If I is not the same as the existing incoming
             interface, the router adds I to the list of outgoing
             interfaces.

        3    The Oif-timer for I is increased (never decreased)
             to the Holdtime included in the Join/Prune message.
             In addition, if the Oif-timer for that interface is
             increased, the Oif-Deletion-Delay for that interface
             is set to 1/3rd the Holdtime specified in the
             Join/Prune message.

        4    The (Sj,G) entry's SPT bit is cleared until data comes
             down the shortest path tree.

   For each group address G, in the Join/Prune message, the associated
   prune list is processed as follows. We refer to each address in the
   prune list as Sp; Sp refers to the RP if the RPT-bit and WC-bit are
   both set. For each Sp in the prune list of the Join/Prune message:


   1    For each address, Sp, in the prune list whose RPT-bit and
        WC-bit are cleared:

        1    If there is an existing (Sp,G) route entry, the router
             lowers the Oif-timer for I to its Oif-Deletion-Delay,
             allowing for other downstream routers on a multi-
             access LAN to override the prune. However, on point-
             to-point links, the oif-timer is expired immediately.

        2    If the router has a current (*,G), or (*,*,RP), route
             entry, and if the existing (Sp,G) entry has its RPT-
             bit flag set to 1, then this (Sp,G)RPT-bit entry is
             maintained (not deleted) even if its outgoing
             interface list is null.






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   2    For each address, Sp, in the prune list whose RPT-bit is
        set and whose WC-bit cleared:

        1    If there is an existing (Sp,G) route entry, the router
             lowers the entry's Oif-timer for I to its
             Oif-Deletion-Delay, allowing for other downstream
             routers on a multi- access LAN to override the prune.
             However, on point-to-point links, the oif-timer is
             expired immediately.

        2    If the router has a current (*,G), or (*,*,RP), route
             entry, and if the existing (Sp,G) entry has its
             RPT- bit flag set to 1, then this (Sp,G)RPT-bit entry
             is not deleted, and the Entry-timer is restarted, even
             if its outgoing interface list is null.

        3    If (*,G), or corresponding (*,*,RP), state exists, but
             there is no (Sp,G) entry, an (Sp,G)RPT-bit entry is
             created. The outgoing interface list is copied from the
             (*,G), or (*,*,RP), entry, with the interface, I, on
             which the prune was received, is deleted.  Packets from
             the pruned source, Sp, match on this state and are not
             forwarded toward the pruned receivers.

        4    If there exists a (Sp,G) entry, with or without the
             RPT-bit set, the oif-timer for I is expired, and the
             Entry-timer is restarted.

   3    For each address, Sp, in the prune list whose RPT-bit and
        WC-bit are both set:

        1    If there is an existing (*,G) entry, with Sp as the RP
             for G, the router lowers the entry's Oif-timer for I
             to its Oif-Deletion-Delay, allowing for other
             downstream routers on a multi-access LAN to override the
             prune. However, on point-to-point links, the oif-timer
             is expired immediately.

        2    If the corresponding (*,*,RP) state exists, but there
             is no (*,G) entry, a (*,G) entry is created. The
             outgoing interface list is copied from (*,*,RP) entry,
             with the interface, I, on which the prune was
             received, deleted.

        For any new (S,G), (*,G) or (*,*,RP) entry created by an
        incoming Join/Prune message, the SPT-bit is cleared (and if a
        Join/Prune-Suppression timer is used, it is left off.)




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   If the entry has a Join/Prune-Suppression timer associated with it,
   and if the received Join/Prune does not indicate the router as its
   target, then the receiving router examines the join and prune lists
   to see if any addresses in the list `completely- match' existing
   (S,G), (*,G), or (*,*,RP) state for which the receiving router
   currently schedules Join/Prune messages. An element on the join or
   prune list `completely-matches' a route entry only if both the IP
   addresses and RPT-bit flag are the same. If the incoming Join/Prune
   message completely matches an existing (S,G), (*,G), or (*,*,RP)
   entry and the Join/Prune arrived on the iif for that entry, then the
   router compares the Holdtime included in the Join/Prune message, to
   its own [Join/Prune-Holdtime].  If its own [Join/Prune-Holdtime] is
   lower, the Join/Prune-Suppression-timer is started at the
   [Join/Prune-Suppression-Timeout]. If the [Join/Prune-Holdtime] is
   equal, the tie is resolved in favor of the Join/Prune Message
   originator that has the higher IP address. When the Join/Prune timer
   expires, the router triggers a Join/Prune message for the
   corresponding entry(ies).

3.3 Register and Register-Stop

   When a source first starts sending to a group its packets are
   encapsulated in Register messages and sent to the RP. If the data
   rate warrants source-specific paths, the RP sets up source specific
   state and starts sending (S,G) Join/Prune messages toward the source,
   with S in the join list.

3.3.1 Sending Registers and Receiving Register-Stops

   Register messages are sent as follows:

   1    When a DR receives a packet from a directly connected
        source, S

        1    If there is no corresponding (S,G) entry, and the
             router has RP-Set information, the DR creates one with
             the Register-Suppression-timer turned off and the RP
             address set according to the hash function mapping for
             the corresponding group. The oif list is copied from
             existing (*,G) or (*,*,RP) entries, if they exist. The
             iif of the (S,G) entry is always excluded from the oif
             list.

        2    If there is a (S,G) entry in existence, the DR  simply
             restarts the corresponding Entry-timer.






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        When a PMBR (e.g., a router that connects the PIM-SM region to
        a dense mode region running DVMRP or PIM-DM) receives a packet
        from a source in the dense mode region,  the  router treats  the
        packet as if it were from a directly connected source. A
        separate document will describe  the  details  of
        interoperability.

   2    If the new or previously-existing (S,G) entry's Register-
        Suppression-timer is not running, the data packet is
        encapsulated in a Register message and unicast to the RP
        for that group. The data packet is also forwarded according
        to (S,G) state in the DR if the oif list is not null; since
        a receiver may join the SP-tree while the DR is still
        registering to the RP.

   3    If the (S,G) entry's Register-Suppression-timer is running,
        the data packet is not sent in a Register message, it is
        just forwarded according to the (S,G) oif list.

   When the DR receives a Register-Stop message, it restarts the
   Register-Suppression-timer in the corresponding (S,G) entry(ies) at
   [Register-Suppression-Timeout] seconds. If there is data to be
   registered, the DR may send a null Register (a Register message with
   a zero-length data portion in the inner IP packet) to the RP,
   [Probe-Time] seconds before the Register- Suppression-timer expires,
   to avoid sending occasional bursts of traffic to an RP unnecessarily.

3.3.2 Receiving Register Messages and Sending Register-Stops

   When a router (i.e., the RP) receives a Register message, the router
   does the following:

   1    Decapsulates the data packet, and checks for a
        corresponding (S,G) entry.

        1    If a (S,G) entry with cleared (0) SPT bit exists, and
             the received Register does not have the Null-
             Register-Bit set to 1, the packet is forwarded; and
             the SPT bit is left cleared (0). If the SPT bit is 1,
             the packet is dropped, and Register-Stop messages are
             triggered.  Register-Stops should be rate-limited (in
             an implementation-specific manner) so that no more
             than a few are sent per round trip time. This prevents
             a high datarate stream of packets from triggering a
             large number of Register-Stop messages between the
             time that the first packet is received and the time
             when the source receives the first Register-Stop.




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        2    If there is no (S,G) entry, but there is a (*,G)
             entry, and the received Register does not have the
             Null-Register-Bit set to 1, the packet is forwarded
             according to the (*,G) entry.

        3    If there is a (*,*,RP) entry but no (*,G) entry, and
             the Register received does not have the Null-
             Register-Bit set to 1, a (*,G) or (S,G) entry is
             created and the oif list is copied from the (*,*,RP)
             entry to the new entry.  The packet is forwarded
             according to the created entry.

        4    If there is no G or (*,*,RP) entry corresponding to G,
             the packet is dropped, and a Register-Stop is
             triggered.

        5    A "Border bit" bit is added to the Register message,
             to facilitate interoperability mechanisms. PMBRs set
             this bit when registering for external sources (see
             Section 2.7).  If the "Border bit" is set in the
             Register, the RP does the following:

             1    If there is no matching (S,G) state, but there
                  exists (*,G) or (*,*,RP) entry, the RP creates a
                  (S,G) entry, with a `PMBR' field.  This field
                  holds the source of the Register (i.e. the outer
                  IP address of the register packet).  The RP
                  triggers a (S,G) join towards the source of the
                  data packet, and clears the SPT bit for the (S,G)
                  entry.  If the received Register is not a `null
                  Register' the packet is forwarded according to
                  the created state. Else,

             2    If the `PMBR' field for the corresponding (S,G)
                  entry matches the source of the Register packet,
                  and the received Register is not a `null
                  Register', the decapsulated packet is forwarded
                  to the oif list of that entry. Else,

             3    If the `PMBR' field for the corresponding (S,G)
                  entry matches the source of the Register packet,
                  the decapsulated packet is forwarded to the oif
                  list of that entry, else

             4    The packet is dropped, and a Register-stop is
                  triggered towards the source of the Register.





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        The (S,G) Entry-timer is restarted  by  Registers arriving from
        that source to that group.

   2    If the matching (S,G) or (*,G) state contains a null oif
        list, the RP unicasts a Register-Stop message to the source
        of the Register message; in the latter case, the source-
        address field, within the Register-Stop message, is set to
        the wildcard value (all 0's). This message is not processed
        by intermediate routers, hence no (S,G) state is
        constructed between the RP and the source.

   3    If the Register message arrival rate warrants it and there
        is no existing (S,G) entry, the RP sets up a (S,G) route
        entry with the outgoing interface list, excluding iif(S,G),
        copied from the (*,G) outgoing interface list, its SPT-bit
        is initialized to 0. If a (*,G) entry does not exist, but
        there exists a (*,*,RP) entry with the RP corresponding to
        G , the oif list for (S,G) is copied -excluding the iif-
        from that (*,*,RP) entry.

        A timer (Entry-timer) is set for the (S,G) entry and this
        timer is restarted by receipt of data packets for (S,G).
        The (S,G) entry causes the RP to send a Join/Prune message
        for the indicated group towards the source of the register
        message.

        If the (S,G) oif list becomes null, Join/Prune messages
        will not be sent towards the source, S.

3.4 Multicast Data Packet Forwarding

   Processing a multicast data packet involves the following steps:

   1    Lookup route state based on a longest match of the source
        address, and an exact match of the destination address in
        the data packet. If neither S, nor G, find a longest match
        entry, and the RP for the packet's destination group
        address has a corresponding (*,*,RP) entry, then the
        longest match does not require an exact match on the
        destination group address. In summary, the longest match is
        performed in the following order: (1) (S,G), (2) (*,G). If
        neither is matched, then a lookup is performed on (*,*,RP)
        entries.

   2    If the packet arrived on the interface found in the
        matching-entry's iif field, and the oif list is not
        null:




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        1    Forward the packet to the oif list for that entry
             and restart the Entry-timer if the matching entry is
             (S,G).  Optionally, the (S,G) Entry-timer may be
             restarted by periodic checking of the matching packet
             count.

        2    If the entry is a (S,G) entry with a cleared SPT-bit,
             and a (*,G) or associated (*,*,RP) also exists whose
             incoming interface is different than that for (S,G),
             set the SPT-bit for the (S,G) entry and trigger an
             (S,G) RPT-bit prune towards the RP.

        3    If the source of the packet is a directly-connected
             host and the router is the DR on the receiving
             interface, check the Register-Suppression-timer
             associated with the (S,G) entry. If it is not running,
             then the router encapsulates the data packet in a
             register message and sends it to the RP.

        This covers the common case of a packet arriving on the RPF
        interface to the source or RP and being forwarded to all
        joined branches. It also detects when packets arrive on the
        SP-tree, and triggers their pruning from the RP-tree. If it
        is the DR for the source, it sends data packets
        encapsulated in Registers to the RPs.

   3    If the packet matches to an entry but did not arrive on the
        interface found in the entry's iif field, check the
        SPT-bit of the entry. If the SPT-bit is set, drop the
        packet.  If the SPT-bit is cleared, then lookup the (*,G),
        or (*,*,RP), entry for G. If the packet arrived on the
        iif found in (*,G), or the corresponding (*,*,RP),
        forward the packet to the oif list of the matching
        entry. This covers the case when a data packet matches on a
        (S,G) entry for which the SP-tree has not yet been
        completely established upstream.

   4    If the packet does not match any entry, but the source of
        the data packet is a local, directly-connected host, and
        the router is the DR on a multi-access LAN and has RP-Set
        information, the DR uses the hash function to determine the
        RP associated with the destination group, G. The DR creates
        a (S,G) entry, with the Register-Suppression-timer not
        running, encapsulates the data packet in a Register message
        and unicasts it to the RP.

   5    If the packet does not match to any entry, and it is not a
        local host or the router is not the DR, drop the packet.



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3.4.1 Data triggered switch to shortest path tree (SP-tree)

   Different criteria can be applied to trigger switching over from the
   RP-based shared tree to source-specific, shortest path trees.

   One proposed example is to do so based on data rate.  For example,
   when a (*,G), or corresponding (*,*,RP), entry is created, a data rate
   counter may be initiated at the last-hop routers.  The counter is
   incremented with every data packet received for directly connected
   members of an SM group, if the longest match is (*,G) or (*,*,RP). If
   and when the data rate for the group exceeds a certain configured
   threshold (t1), the router initiates `source-specific' data rate
   counters for the following data packets. Then, each counter for a
   source, is incremented when packets matching on (*,G), or (*,*,RP),
   are received from that source. If the data rate from the particular
   source exceeds a configured threshold (t2), a (S,G) entry is created
   and a Join/Prune message is sent towards the source.  If the RPF
   interface for (S,G) is not the same as that for (*,G) -or (*,*,RP),
   then the SPT-bit is cleared in the (S,G) entry.

   Other configured rules may be enforced to cause or prevent
   establishment of (S,G) state.

3.5 Assert

   Asserts are used to resolve which of the parallel routers connected to
   a multi-access LAN is responsible for forwarding packets onto the LAN.

3.5.1 Sending Asserts

   The following Assert rules are provided when a multicast packet is
   received on an outgoing multi-access interface "I" of an existing
   (S,G) entry:

   1    Do unicast routing table lookup on source IP address from
        data packet, and send assert on interface "I" for source
        IP address in data packet; include metric preference of
        routing protocol and metric from routing table lookup.

   2    If route is not found, use metric preference of 0x7fffffff
        and metric 0xffffffff.

   When an assert is sent for a (*,G) entry, the first bit in the
   metric preference (the RPT-bit) is set to 1, indicating the data
   packet is routed down the RP-tree.

   Asserts should be rate-limited in an implementation-specific
   manner.



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3.5.2 Receiving Asserts

   When an Assert is received the router performs a longest match on the
   source and group address in the Assert message. The router checks the
   first bit of the metric preference (RPT-bit).

   1    If the RPT-bit is set, the router first does a match on
        (*,G), or (*,*,RP), entries; if no matching entry is found,
        it ignores the Assert.

   2    If the RPT-bit is not set in the Assert, the router first
        does a match on (S,G) entries; if no matching entry is
        found, the router matches (*,G) or (*,*,RP) entries.

   3.5.2.1 Receiving Asserts on an entry's outgoing interface

   If the interface that received the Assert message is in the oif list
   of the matched entry, then this Assert is processed by this router as
   follows:

   1    If the Assert's RPT-bit is set and the matching entry is
        (*,*,RP), the router creates a (*,G) entry. If the Assert's
        RPT-bit is cleared and the matching entry is (*,G), or
        (*,*,RP), the router creates a (S,G)RPT-bit entry.
        Otherwise, no new entry is created in response to the
        Assert.

   2    The router then compares the metric values received in the
        Assert with the metric values associated with the matched
        entry. The RPT-bit and metric preference (in that order)
        are treated as the high-order part of an Assert metric
        comparison. If the value in the Assert is less than the
        router's value (with ties broken by the IP address, where
        higher IP address wins), delete the interface from the
        entry.  When the deletion occurs for a (*,G) or (*,*,RP)
        entry , the interface is also deleted from any associated
        (S,G)RPT-bit or (*,G) entries, respectively. The Entry-
        timer for the affected entries is restarted.

   3    If the router has won the election the router keeps the
        interface in its outgoing interface list. It acts as the
        forwarder for the LAN.

   The winning router sends an Assert message containing its own metric
   to that outgoing interface. This will cause other routers on the LAN
   to prune that interface from their route entries. The winning router
   sets the RPT-bit in the Assert message if a (*,G) or (S,G)RPT-bit
   entry was matched.



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   3.5.2.2 Receiving Asserts on an entry's incoming interface

   If the Assert arrived on the incoming interface of an existing (S,G),
   (*,G), or (*,*,RP) entry, the Assert is processed as follows.  If the
   Assert message does not match the entry, exactly, it is ignored; i.e,
   longest-match is not used in this case. If the Assert message does
   match exactly, then:

   1    Downstream routers will select the upstream router with the
        smallest metric preference and metric as their RPF
        neighbor. If two metrics are the same, the highest IP
        address is chosen to break the tie. This is important so
        that downstream routers send subsequent Joins/Prunes (in
        SM) to the correct neighbor. An Assert-timer is initiated
        when changing the RPF neighbor to the Assert winner.  When
        the timer expires, the router resets its RPF neighbor
        according to its unicast routing tables to capture network
        dynamics and router failures.

   2    If the downstream routers have downstream members, and if
        the Assert caused the RPF neighbor to change, the
        downstream routers must trigger a Join/Prune message to
        inform the upstream router that packets are to be forwarded
        on the multi-access network.

3.6 Candidate-RP-Advertisements and Bootstrap messages

   Candidate-RP-Advertisements (C-RP-Advs) are periodic PIM messages
   unicast to the BSR by those routers that are configured as
   Candidate-RPs (C-RPs).

   Bootstrap messages are periodic PIM messages originated by the
   Bootstrap router (BSR) within a domain, and forwarded hop-by-hop to
   distribute the current RP-set to all routers in that domain.

   The Bootstrap messages also support a simple mechanism by which the
   Candidate BSR (C-BSR) with the highest BSR-priority and IP address
   (referred to as the preferred BSR) is elected as the BSR for the
   domain.  We recommend that each router configured as a C-RP also be
   configured as a C-BSR. Sections 3.6.2 and 3.6.3 describe the combined
   function of Bootstrap messages as the vehicle for BSR election and
   RP-Set distribution.

   A Finite State Machine description of the BSR election and RP- Set
   distribution mechanisms is included in Appendix II.






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3.6.1 Sending Candidate-RP-Advertisements

   C-RPs periodically unicast C-RP-Advs to the BSR for that domain.  The
   interval for sending these messages is subject to local configuration
   at the C-RP.

   Candidate-RP-Advertisements carry group address and group mask
   fields.  This enables the advertising router to limit the
   advertisement to certain prefixes or scopes of groups.  The
   advertising router may enforce this scope acceptance when receiving
   Registers or Join/Prune messages.  C-RPs should send C-RP-Adv
   messages with the Authoritative bit cleared.

3.6.2 Receiving C-RP-Advs and Originating Bootstrap

   Upon receiving a C-RP-Adv, a router does the following:

   1    If the router is not the elected BSR, it ignores the
        message, else

   2    The BSR adds the RP address to its local pool of candidate
        RPs, according to the associated group prefix(es) in the
        C-RP-Adv message. The Holdtime in the C-RP-Adv message is
        also stored with the corresponding RP, to be included later
        in the Bootstrap message. The BSR may apply a local
        policy to limit the number of Candidate RPs included
        in the Bootstrap message.  The BSR may override the prefix
        indicated in a C-RP-Adv unless the Authoritative bit in the
        C-RP-Adv is set.

   The BSR keeps an RP-timer per RP in its local RP-set.  The RP- timer
   is initialized to the Holdtime in the RP's C-RP-Adv. When the timer
   expires, the corresponding RP is removed from the RP- set.  The RP-
   timer is restarted by the C-RP-Advs from the corresponding RP.

   The BSR also uses its Bootstrap-timer to periodically send Bootstrap
   messages.  In particular, when the Bootstrap-timer expires, the BSR
   originates an Bootstrap message on each of its PIM interfaces.  The
   message is sent with a TTL of 1 to the `ALL-PIM-ROUTERS' group. In
   steady state, the BSR originates Bootstrap messages periodically. At
   startup, the Bootstrap-timer is initialized to [Bootstrap-Timeout],
   causing the first Bootstrap message to be originated only when and if
   the timer expires. For timer details, see Section 3.6.3. A DR
   unicasts a Bootstrap message to each new PIM neighbor, i.e., after
   the DR receives the neighbor's Hello message (it does so even if the
   new neighbor becomes the DR).





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   The Bootstrap message is subdivided into sets of {group- prefix,RP-
   Count,RP-addresses}.  For each RP-address, the corresponding Holdtime
   is included in the "RP-Holdtime" field.  The format of the Bootstrap
   message allows `semantic fragmentation', if the length of the
   original Bootstrap message exceeds the packet maximum boundaries (see
   Section 4). However, we recommend against configuring a large number
   of routers as C-RPs, to reduce the semantic fragmentation required.

3.6.3 Receiving and Forwarding Bootstrap

   Each router keeps a Bootstrap-timer, initialized to [Bootstrap-
   Timeout] at startup.

   When a router receives Bootstrap message sent to `ALL-PIM- ROUTERS'
   group, it performs the following:

   1    If the message was not sent by the RPF neighbor towards the
        BSR address included, the message is dropped. Else

   2    If the included BSR is not preferred over, and not equal
        to, the currently active BSR:


        1    If the Bootstrap-timer has not yet expired, or if the
             receiving router is a C-BSR, then the Bootstrap
             message is dropped. Else

        2    If the Bootstrap-timer has expired and the receiving
             router is not a C-BSR, the receiving router stores the
             RP-Set and BSR address and priority found in the
             message, and restarts the timer by setting it to
             [Bootstrap-Timeout]. The Bootstrap message is then
             forwarded out all PIM interfaces, excluding the one
             over which the message arrived, to `ALL-PIM-ROUTERS'
             group, with a TTL of 1.

        3    If the Bootstrap message includes a BSR address that is
             preferred over, or equal to, the currently active BSR, the
             router restarts its Bootstrap-timer at [Bootstrap-Timeout]
             seconds. and stores the BSR address and RP-Set information.

             The Bootstrap message is then forwarded out all PIM
             interfaces, excluding the one over which the message
             arrived, to `ALL-PIM-ROUTERS' group, with a TTL of 1.







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        4    If the receiving router has no current RP set information
             and the Bootstrap was unicast to it from a directly
             connected neighbor, the router stores the information as
             its new RP-set.  This covers the startup condition when a
             newly booted router obtains the RP-Set and BSR address from
             its DR.

   When a router receives a new RP-Set, it checks if each of the RPs
   referred to by existing state (i.e., by (*,G), (*,*,RP), or
   (S,G)RPT-bit entries) is in the new RP-Set. If an RP is not in the new
   RP-set, that RP is considered unreachable and the hash algorithm (see
   below) is re-performed for each group with locally active state that
   previously hashed to that RP. This will cause those groups to be
   distributed among the remaining RPs. When the new RP-Set contains a
   new RP, the value of the new RP is calculated for each group covered
   by that C-RP's Group- prefix.  Any group for which the new RP's value
   is greater than the previously active RP's value is switched over to
   the new RP.

3.7 Hash Function

   The hash function is used by all routers within a domain, to map a
   group to one of the C-RPs from the RP-Set. For a particular group, G,
   the hash function uses only those C-RPs whose Group- prefix covers G.
   The algorithm takes as input the group address, and the addresses of
   the Candidate RPs, and gives as output one RP address to be used.

   The protocol requires that all routers hash to the same RP within a
   domain (except for transients). The following hash function must be
   used in each router:


   1    For each RP address C(i) in the RP-Set, whose Group-prefix
        covers G, compute a value:

   Value(G,M,C(i))=
   (1103515245 * ((1103515245 * (G&M)+12345) XOR C(i)) + 12345) mod 2^31

         where M is a hash-mask included in Bootstrap messages.
         This hash-mask allows a small number of consecutive groups
         (e.g., 4) to always hash to the same RP.  For instance,
         hierarchically-encoded data can be sent on consecutive
         group addresses to get the same delay and fate-sharing
         characteristics.

   2    The candidate with the highest resulting value is then
        chosen as the RP for that group, and its identity and hash
        value are stored with the entry created.



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        Ties between C-RPs having the same hash value, are broken
        in advantage of the highest address.

   The hash function algorithm is invoked by a DR, upon reception of a
   packet, or IGMP membership indication, for a group, for which the DR
   has no entry. It is invoked by any router that has (*,*,RP) state when
   a packet is received for which there is no corresponding (S,G) or
   (*,G) entry.  Furthermore, the hash function is invoked by all routers
   upon receiving a (*,G) or (*,*,RP) Join/Prune message.

3.8 Processing Timer Events

   In this subsection, we enumerate all timers that have been discussed
   or implied. Since some critical timer events are not associated with
   the receipt or sending of messages, they are not fully covered by
   earlier subsections.

   Timers are implemented in an implementation-specific manner. For
   example, a timer may count up or down, or may simply expire at a
   specific time. Setting a timer to a value T means that it will expire
   after T seconds.

3.8.1 Timers related to tree maintenance

   Each (S,G), (*,G), and (*,*,RP) route entry has multiple timers
   associated with it: one for each interface in the outgoing interface
   list, one for the multicast routing entry itself, and one optional
   Join/Prune-Suppression-Timer. Each (S,G) and (*,G) entry also has an
   Assert-timer and a Random-Delay-Join-Timer for use with Asserts.  In
   addition, DR's have a Register- Suppression-timer for each (S,G) entry
   and every router has a single Join/Prune-timer. (A router may
   optionally keep separate Join/Prune-timers for different interfaces or
   route entries if different Join/Prune periods are desired.)

   *    [Join/Prune-Timer] This timer is used for periodically
        sending aggregate Join/Prune messages.  To avoid
        synchronization among routers booting simultaneously, it is
        initially set to a random value between 1 and [Join/Prune-
        Period].  When it expires, the timer is immediately
        restarted to [Join/Prune-Period]. A Join/Prune message is
        then sent out each interface.  This timer should not be
        restarted by other events.

   *    [Join/Prune-Suppression-Timer (kept per route entry)] A
        route entry's (optional) Join/Prune-Suppression-Timer may
        be used to suppress duplicate joins from multiple
        downstream routers on the same LAN. When a Join message is
        received from a neighbor on the entry's incoming interface



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        in which the included Holdtime is higher than the router's
        own [Join/Prune-Holdtime] (with ties broken by higher IP
        address), the timer is set to [Join/Prune-Suppression-
        Timeout], with some random jitter introduced to avoid
        synchronization of triggered Join/Prune messages on
        expiration. (The random timeout value must be < 1.5 *
        [Join/Prune-Period] to prevent losing data after 2 dropped
        Join/Prunes.)  The timer is restarted every time a
        subsequent Join/Prune message (with higher Holdtime/IP
        address) for the entry is received on its incoming
        interface.  While the timer is running, Join/Prune messages
        for the entry are not sent.  This timer is idle (not
        running) for point-to-point links.

   *    [Oif-Timer (kept per oif for each route entry)] A timer for
        each oif of a route entry is used to time out that oif.
        Because some of the outgoing interfaces in an (S,G) entry
        are copied from the (*,G) outgoing interface list, they may
        not have explicit (S,G) join messages from some of the
        downstream routers (i.e., where members are joining to the
        (*,G) tree only). Thus, when an Oif-timer is restarted in a
        (*,G) entry, the Oif-timer is restarted for that interface
        in each existing (S,G) entry whose oif list contains that
        interface. The same rule applies to (*,G) and (S,G) entries
        when restarting an Oif-timer on a (*,*,RP) entry.

        The following table shows its usage when first adding the
        oif to the entry's oiflist, when it should be restarted
        (unless it is already higher), and when it should be
        decreased (unless it is already lower).





















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   Set to                   | When                         | Applies  to
   -------------------------|------------------------------|------------
   included Holdtime        | adding oif off Join/Prune    | (S,G) (*,G)
                            |                              | (*,*,RP)



   Increased (only) to      | When                         |  Applies to
   -------------------------|------------------------------|------------
   included  Holdtime       | received Join/Prune          | (S,G) (*,G)
                            |                              | (*,*,RP)
                            |                              |
   Value of (*,*,RP)        | (*,*,RP) oif-timer restarted | (S,G) (*,G)
      oif-timer             |                              |
                            |                              |
   Value of (*,G)           | (*,G) oif-timer restarted    | (S,G)
      oif-timer             |                              |


   Decreased (only) to      |  When                        | Applies  to
   -------------------------|------------------------------|------------
   Oif-Deletion-Delay       | prune received               | (S,G) (*,G)


        When the timer expires, the oif is removed from the oiflist
        if there are no directly-connected members. When deleted,
        the oif is also removed in any associated (S,G) or (*,G)
        entries.

   *    [Entry-Timer (kept per route entry)] A timer for each route
        entry is used to time out that entry. The following table
        summarizes its usage when first adding the oif to the
        entry's oiflist, and when it should be restarted (unless it
        is already higher).

















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   Set to                |  When                    | Applies to
   ----------------------|--------------------------|------------
   [Data- Timeout]       | created off data packet  | (S,G)
                         |                          |
   included Holdtime     | created off Join/Prune   | (S,G) (*,G)
   (*,*,RP)


   Increased  (only)  to |  When                    | Applies to
   ----------------------|--------------------------|------------
   [Data-Timeout]        | receiving  data  packets | (S,G)no RPT-bit
                         |                          |
   Value of oif-timer    | any oif-timer restarted  | (S,G)RPT-bit (*,G)
                         |                          | (*,*,RP)
                         |                          |
   [Assert-Timeout]      | assert received          | (S,G)RPT-bit
                         |                          | (*,G)w/null oif


        When the timer expires, the route entry is deleted; if the
        entry is a (*,G) or (*,*,RP) entry, all associated
        (S,G)RPT-bit entries are also deleted.

   *    [Register-Suppression-Timer (kept per (S,G) route entry)]
        An (S,G) route entry's Register-Suppression-Timer is used
        to suppress registers when the RP is receiving data packets
        natively.  When a Register-Stop message for the entry is
        received from the RP, the timer is set to a random value in
        the range 0.5 * [Register-Suppression-Timeout] to 1.5 *
        [Register-Suppression-Timeout]. While the timer is running,
        Registers for that entry will be suppressed.  If null
        registers are used, a null register is sent [Probe-Time]
        seconds before the timer expires.

   *    [Assert-Timer (per (S,G) or (*,G) route entry)] The
        Assert-Timer for an (S,G) or (*,G) route entry is used for
        timing out Asserts received. When an Assert is received and
        the RPF neighbor is changed to the Assert winner, the
        Assert-Timer is set to [Assert-Timeout], and is restarted
        to this value every time a subsequent Assert for the entry
        is received on its incoming interface.  When the timer
        expires, the router resets its RPF neighbor according to
        its unicast routing table.

   *    [Random-Delay-Join-Timer (per (S,G) or (*,G) route entry)]
        The Random-Delay-Join-Timer for an (S,G) or (*,G) route
        entry is used to prevent synchronization among downstream
        routers on a LAN when their RPF neighbor changes. When the



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        RPF neighbor changes, this timer is set to a random value
        between 0 and [Random-Delay-Join-Timeout] seconds. When the
        timer expires, a triggered Join/Prune message is sent for
        the entry unless its Join/Prune-Suppression-Timer is
        running.

3.8.2 Timers relating to neighbor discovery

   *    [Hello-Timer] This timer is used to periodically send Hello
        messages.  To avoid synchronization among routers booting
        simultaneously, it is initially set to a random value
        between 1 and [Hello-Period]. When it expires, the timer is
        immediately restarted to [Hello-Period]. A Hello message is
        then sent out each interface.  This timer should not be
        restarted by other events.

   *    [Neighbor-Timer (kept per neighbor)] A Neighbor-Timer for
        each neighbor is used to time out the neighbor state. When
        a Hello message is received from a new neighbor, the timer
        is initially set to the Holdtime included in the Hello
        message (which is equal to the neighbor's value of [Hello-
        Holdtime]).  Every time a subsequent Hello is received from
        that neighbor, the timer is restarted to the Holdtime in
        the Hello.  When the timer expires, the neighbor state is
        removed.

3.8.3 Timers relating to RP information

   *    [C-RP-Adv-Timer (C-RP's only)] Routers configured as
        candidate RP's use this timer to periodically send C-RP-Adv
        messages. To avoid synchronization among routers booting
        simultaneously, the timer is initially set to a random
        value between 1 and [C-RP-Adv-Period]. When it expires, the
        timer is immediately restarted to [C-RP-Adv-Period]. A C-
        RP-Adv message is then sent to the elected BSR. This timer
        should not be restarted by other events.

   *    [RP-Timer (BSR only, kept per RP in RP-Set)] The BSR uses a
        timer per RP in the RP-Set to monitor liveness. When a C-RP
        is added to the RP-Set, its timer is set to the Holdtime
        included in the C-RP-Adv message from that C-RP (which is
        equal to the C-RP's value of [RP-Holdtime]). Every time a
        subsequent C-RP-Adv is received from that RP, its timer is
        restarted to the Holdtime in the C-RP-Adv. When the timer
        expires, the RP is removed from the RP-Set included in
        Bootstrap messages.





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   *    [Bootstrap-Timer] This timer is used by the BSR to
        periodically originate Bootstrap messages, and by other
        routers to time out the BSR (see 3.6.3).  This timer is
        initially set to [Bootstrap-Timeout].  A C-BSR restarts
        this timer to [Bootstrap-Timeout] upon receiving a Bootstrap
        message from a preferred router, and originates an Bootstrap
        message and restarts the timer to [Bootstrap-Period] when it
        expires.  Routers not configured as C-BSR's restart this
        timer to [Bootstrap-Timeout] upon receiving a Bootstrap
        message from the elected or a more preferred BSR, and ignore
        Bootstrap messages from non-preferred C-BSRs while it is
        running.

3.8.4 Default timer values

   Most of the default timeout values for state information are 3.5
   times the refresh period. For example, Hellos refresh Neighbor state
   and the default Hello-timer period is 30 seconds, so a default
   Neighbor-timer duration of 105 seconds is included in the Holdtime
   field of the Hellos.  In order to improve convergence, however, the
   default timeout value for information related to RP liveness and
   Bootstrap messages is 2.5 times the refresh period.

   In this version of the spec, we suggest particular numerical timer
   settings.  A future version of the specification will specify a
   mechanism for timer values to be scaled based upon observed network
   parameters.

   *    [Join/Prune-Period] This is the interval between
        sending Join/Prune messages. {Default: 60 seconds.} This
        value may be set to take into account such things as the
        configured bandwidth and expected average number of
        multicast route entries for the attached network or link
        (e.g., the period would be longer for lower-speed links, or
        for routers in the center of the network that expect to
        have a larger number of entries ). In addition, a router
        could modify this value (and corresponding Join/Prune-
        Holdtime value) if the number of route entries changes
        significantly (e.g., by an order of magnitude).  For
        example, given a default minimum Join/Prune-Period value,
        if the number of route entries with a particular iif
        increases from N to N*100, the router could increase its
        Join/Prune-Period (and Join/Prune-Holdtime), for that
        interface, by a factor of 10; and if/when the number of
        entries decreases back to N, the Join/Prune-Period (and
        Join/Prune-Holdtime) could be decreased to its previous
        value. If the Join/Prune-Period is modified, these changes
        should be made relatively infrequently and the router



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        should continue to refresh at its previous Join/Prune-
        Period for at least Join/Prune-Holdtime, in order to allow
        the upstream router to adapt.

   *    [Join-Prune Holdtime] This is the Holdtime specified in
        Join/Prune messages, and is used to time out oifs. This
        should be set to 3.5 * [Join/Prune-Period]. {Default: 210
        seconds.}

   *    [Join/Prune-Suppression-Timeout] This is the mean
        interval between receiving a Join/Prune with a higher
        Holdtime (with ties broken by higher IP addres) and
        allowing duplicate Join/Prunes to be sent again. This
        should be set to approximately 1.25 * [Join/Prune-Period].
        {Default: 75 seconds. }

   *    [Data-Timeout] This is the time after which (S,G) state
        for a silent source will be deleted.  {Default: 210
        seconds.}

   *    [Register-Suppression-Timeout] This is the mean
        interval between receiving a Register-Stop and allowing
        Registers to be sent again.  A lower value means more
        frequent register bursts at RP, while a higher value means
        longer join latency for new receivers.  {Default: 60
        seconds.} (Note that if null Registers are sent [Probe-
        Time] seconds before the timeout, register bursts are
        prevents, and [Register-Suppression-Timeout] may be lowered
        to decrease join latency.)

   *    [Probe-Time] When null Registers are used, this is the
        time between sending a null Register and the Register-
        Suppression-Timer expiring unless it is restarted by
        receiving a Register-Stop. Thus, a null Register would be
        sent when the Register-Suppression-Timer reaches this
        value. {Default: 5 seconds.}

   *    [Assert-Timeout] This is the interval between the last
        time an Assert is received, and the time at which the
        assert is timed out. {Default: 180 seconds.}

   *    [Random-Delay-Join-Timeout] This is the maximum
        interval between the time when the RPF neighbor changes,
        and the time at which a triggered Join/Prune message is
        sent.  {Default: 4.5 seconds.}

   *    [Hello-Period] This is the interval between sending
        Hello messages. {Default: 30 seconds.}



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   *    [Hello-Holdtime] This is the Holdtime specified in
        Hello messages, after which neighbors will time out their
        neighbor entries for the router. This should be set to 3.5
        * [Hello-Period]. {Default: 105 seconds.}

   *    [C-RP-Adv-Period] For C-RPs, this is the interval
        between sending C-RP-Adv messages. {Default: 60 seconds.}

   *    [RP-Holdtime] For C-RPs, this is the Holdtime specified
        in C-RP-Adv messages, and is used by the BSR to time out
        RPs. This should be set to 2.5 * [C-RP-Adv-Period].
        {Default: 150 seconds.}

   *    [Bootstrap-Period] At the elected BSR, this is the
        interval between originating Bootstrap messages, and should
        be equal to 60 seconds.


   *    [Bootstrap-Timeout] This is the time after which the
        elected BSR will be assumed unreachable when Bootstrap
        messages are not received from it. This should be set to
        2.5 * [Bootstrap-Period]. {Default: 150 seconds.}





























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3.9 Summary of flags used

   Following is a summary of all the flags used in our scheme.

Bit           |  Used in    |  Definition

Authoritative | C-RP-Adv    | Group-prefix information should not be
                              over-ridden by BSR
Border        | Register    | Register for external sources is coming
                              from PIM multicast border router
Null          | Register    | Register sent as Probe of RP, the
                              encapsulated IP data packet should not
                              be forwarded
RPT           | Route entry | Entry represents state on the RP-tree
RPT           | Join/Prune  | Join is associated with the shared tree
                              and therefore the Join/Prune message is
                              propagated along the RP-tree (source
                              encoded is an RP address)
RPT           | Assert      | The data packet was routed down the shared
                              tree; thus, the path indicated corresponds
                              to the RP tree
SPT           | (S,G) entry | Packets have arrived on the iif towards S,
                              and the iif is different from the (*,G)
                              iif
WC            |Join         | The receiver expects to receive packets
                              from all sources via this (shared tree)
                              path. Thus, the Join/Prune applies to a
                              (*,G) entry
WC            | Route entry | Wildcard entry; if there is no more
                              specific match for a particular source,
                              packets will be forwarded according to
                              this entry


3.10 Security

   All PIM control messages may use IPSec [6] to address security
   concerns.

4 Packet Formats

   This section describes the details of the packet formats for PIM
   control messages.

   All PIM control messages have protocol number 103.






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   Basically, PIM messages are either unicast (e.g.  Registers and
   Register-Stop), or multicast hop-by-hop to `ALL-PIM-ROUTERS' group
   `224.0.0.13' (e.g. Join/Prune, Asserts, etc.).

    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |PIM Ver| Type  | Addr length   |           Checksum            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   PIM Ver
         PIM Version number is 2.

   Type  Types for specific PIM messages.  PIM Types are:

      0 = Hello
      1 = Register
      2 = Register-Stop
      3 = Join/Prune
      4 = Bootstrap
      5 = Assert
      6 = Graft (used in PIM-DM only)
      7 = Graft-Ack (used in PIM-DM only)
      8 = Candidate-RP-Advertisement

   Addr length
         Address length in bytes.  Throughout this section this
         would indicate the number of bytes in the Address field of
         an address, including unicast and group addresses.

   Checksum
         The checksum is the 16-bit one's complement of  the  one's
         complement  sum  of  the entire PIM message, (excluding the
         data portion in the Register message).  For  computing  the
         checksum, the checksum field is zeroed.

4.1 Encoded Source and Group Address formats

   1    Unicast address: Only the address is included.  The length
        of the unicast address in bytes is specified in the `Addr
        length' field in the header.

   2    Encoded-Group-Address: Takes the following format:







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   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |     Reserved  |  Mask Len     | Group multicast Address ...   |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | ...Group multicast Address ...|
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+~+~+~+~+~+~+


        Reserved
              Transmitted as zero. Ignored upon receipt.

        Mask Length
              The Mask length is 8 bits. The value is the number of
              contiguous bits left justified used as a mask which
              describes the address. It is less than or equal to
              Addr length * 8. If the message is sent for a single
              group then the Mask length must equal Addr length * 8
              (i.e. 32 for IPv4 and 128 for IPv6).

        Group multicast Address
              contains the group address, and has number of bytes
              equal to that specified in the Addr length field.

   3    Encoded-Source-Address: Takes the following format:


   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Rsrvd   |S|W|R|  Mask Len     | Source Address ...            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  ...  Source Address          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+~+~+-+


        Reserved
              Transmitted as zero, ignored on receipt.

        S,W,R See Section 4.5 for details.











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        Mask Length
              Mask length is 8 bits. The value is the number of
              contiguous bits left justified used as a mask which
              describes the address. The mask length must be less
              than or equal to Addr Length * 8. If the message is
              sent for a single source then the Mask length must
              equal Addr length * 8.  In version 2 of PIM, it is
              strongly recommended that this field be set to 32 for
              IPv4.

        Source Address
              The address length is indicated from the Addr length
              field at the beginning of the header. For IPv4, the
              address length is 4 octets.

4.2 Hello Message

   It is sent periodically by routers on all interfaces.

   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |PIM Ver| Type  | Addr length   |           Checksum            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |       OptionType              |         OptionLength          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                          OptionValue                          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+~+~+
   |                               .                               |
   |                               .                               |
   |                               .                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |       OptionType              |         OptionLength          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                          OptionValue                          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+~+~+


   PIM Version, Type, Addr length, Checksum
         Described above.

   OptionType
         The type of the option given in the following OptionValue
         field.

   OptionLength
         The length of the OptionValue field in bytes.




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   OptionValue
         A variable length field, carrying the value of the option.

   The Option fields may contain the following values:

   *    OptionType = 1; OptionLength = 2; OptionValue = Holdtime;
        where Holdtime is the amount of time a receiver must keep
        the neighbor reachable, in seconds. If the Holdtime is set
        to `0xffff', the receiver of this message never times out
        the neighbor. This may be used with ISDN lines, to avoid
        keeping the link up with periodic Hello messages.
        Furthermore, if the Holdtime is set to `0', the information
        is timed out immediately.

   *    OptionType 2 to 16: reserved

   *    The rest of the OptionTypes are defined in another
        document.

   In general, options may be ignored; but a router must not ignore the
   'Holdtime' OptionType.

4.3 Register Message

   A Register message is sent by the DR or a PMBR to the RP when a
   multicast packet needs to be transmitted on the RP-tree. Source IP
   address is set to the address of the DR, destination IP address is to
   the RP's address.


   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |PIM Ver| Type  | Addr length   |           Checksum            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |B|N|                       Reserved                            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                                                               |
   ~                      Multicast data packet                    ~
   |                                                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   PIM Version, Type, Addr length, Checksum
        Described above.  {Note that the checksum for Registers
        is done only on the PIM header, excluding the data packet
        portion.}




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   B     The Border bit. If the router is a DR for a source that it
         is directly connected to, it sets the B bit to 0. If the
         router is a PMBR for a source in a directly connected
         cloud, it sets the B bit to 1.

   N     The Null-Register bit. Set to 1 by a DR that is probing
         the RP before expiring its local Register-Suppression
         timer. Set to 0 otherwise.

   Multicast data packet
         The original packet sent by the source.

   For (S,G) null Registers, the Multicast data packet portion contains
   only a dummy IP header with S as the source address, G as the
   destination address, and a data length of zero.

4.4 Register-Stop Message

   A Register-Stop is unicast from the RP  to  the  sender  of  the
   Register  message. Source IP address is the address to which the
   register was addressed. Destination IP  address  is  the  source
   address of the register message.


   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |PIM Ver| Type  | Addr length   |           Checksum            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                    Encoded-Group Address                      |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                    Unicast-Source Address                     |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   PIM Version, Type, Addr length, Checksum
         Described above.

   Encoded-Group Address
         Format described above. Note that for Register-Stops the
         Mask Len field contains Addr length * 8 (32 for IPv4), if
         the message is sent for a single group.

   Unicast-Source Address
         IP host address of source from multicast data packet in
         register. The length of this field in bytes is specified in
         the Addr length field. A special wild card value (0.0.0.0),
         can be used to indicate any source.



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4.5 Join/Prune Message

   A Join/Prune message is sent by routers towards upstream sources and
   RPs.  Joins are sent to build shared trees (RP trees) or source trees
   (SPT). Prunes are sent to prune source trees when members leave
   groups as well as sources that do not use the shared tree.













































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    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |PIM Ver| Type  | Addr length   |           Checksum            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |             Unicast-Upstream Neighbor Address                 |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |  Reserved     | Num groups    |          Holdtime             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |            Encoded-Multicast Group Address-1                  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Number of Joined  Sources   |   Number of Pruned Sources    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |               Encoded-Joined Source Address-1                 |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                             .                                 |
   |                             .                                 |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |               Encoded-Joined Source Address-n                 |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |               Encoded-Pruned Source Address-1                 |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                             .                                 |
   |                             .                                 |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |               Encoded-Pruned Source Address-n                 |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                           .                                   |
   |                           .                                   |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                Encoded-Multicast Group Address-n              |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |   Number of Joined  Sources   |   Number of Pruned Sources    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |               Encoded-Joined Source Address-1                 |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                             .                                 |
   |                             .                                 |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |               Encoded-Joined Source Address-n                 |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |               Encoded-Pruned Source Address-1                 |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                             .                                 |
   |                             .                                 |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |               Encoded-Pruned Source Address-n                 |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+



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   PIM Version, Type, Addr length, Checksum
         Described above.

   Upstream Neighbor Address
         The IP address of the RPF or upstream neighbor.

   Reserved
         Transmitted as zero, ignored on receipt.

   Holdtime
         The amount of time a receiver must keep the Join/Prune
         state alive, in seconds.  If the Holdtime is set to
         `0xffff', the receiver of this message never times out the
         oif. This may be used with ISDN lines, to avoid keeping the
         link up with periodical Join/Prune messages.  Furthermore,
         if the Holdtime is set to `0', the information is timed out
         immediately.

   Number of Groups
         The number of multicast group sets contained in the
         message.

   Encoded-Multicast group address
         For format description see Section
         4.1. A wild card group in the (*,*,RP) join is represented
         by a 224.0.0.0 in the group address field and `4' in the
         mask length field. A (*,*,RP) join also has the WC-bit and
         the RPT-bit set.

   Number of Joined Sources
         Number of join source addresses listed for a given group.

   Join Source Address-1 .. n
         This list contains the sources that the sending router
         will forward multicast datagrams for if received on the
         interface this message is sent on.

         See format section 4.1. The fields explanation for the
         Encoded-Source-Address format follows:


        Reserved
              Described above.

        S     The Sparse bit is a 1 bit value, set to 1 for PIM-SM.
              It is used for PIM v.1 compatibility.





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        W     The WC bit is a 1 bit value. If 1, the join or prune
              applies to the (*,G) or (*,*,RP) entry. If 0, the join
              or prune applies to the (S,G) entry where S is Source
              Address.  Joins and prunes sent towards the RP must
              have this bit set.

        R     The RPT-bit is a 1 bit value. If 1, the information
              about (S,G) is sent towards the RP.  If 0, the
              information must be sent toward S, where S is the
              Source Address.

        Mask Length, Source Address
              Described above.


        Represented in the form of < WC-bit >< RPT-bit > < Mask length
        ><Source address>:

        A source address could be a host IP address :

         < 0 >< 0 >< 32 >< 192.1.1.17 >

        A source address could be the RP's IP address :

         < 1 >< 1 >< 32 >< 131.108.13.111 >

        A source address could be a subnet address to prune from the
        RP-tree :

         < 0 >< 1 >< 28 >< 192.1.1.16 >

        A source address could be a general aggregate :

         < 0 >< 0 >< 16 >< 192.1.0.0 >

   Number of Pruned Sources
         Number of prune source addresses listed for a group.

   Prune Source Address-1 .. n
         This list contains the sources that the sending router
         does not want to forward multicast datagrams for when
         received on the interface this message is sent on.  If the
         Join/Prune message boundary exceeds the maximum packet
         size, then the join and prune lists for the same group must
         be included in the same packet.






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4.6 Bootstrap Message

   The Bootstrap messages are multicast to `ALL-PIM-ROUTERS' group, out
   all interfaces having PIM neighbors (excluding the one over which the
   message was received).  Bootstrap messages are sent with TTL value of
   1. Bootstrap messages originate at the BSR, and are forwarded by
   intermediate routers.

   Bootstrap message is divided up into `semantic fragments', if the
   original message exceeds the maximum packet size boundaries.

   The semantics of a single `fragment' is given below:







































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   0                   1                   2                   3
   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |PIM Ver| Type  | Addr length   |           Checksum            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |         Fragment Tag          | Hash Mask len | BSR-priority  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                         Unicast-BSR-Address                   |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                         Encoded-Group Address-1               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | RP-Count-1    | Frag RP-Cnt-1 |         Reserved              |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                         Unicast-RP-Address-1                  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |          RP1-Holdtime         |           Unicast- . . .      |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | . . . RP-Address-2            |       RP2-Holdtime            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                               .                               |
   |                               .                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                         Unicast-RP-Address-m                  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |          RPm-Holdtime         |            Encoded- . . .     |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | . . . Group Address-2         . . .                           |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                               .                               |
   |                               .                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                         Encoded-Group Address-n               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | RP-Count-m    | Frag RP-Cnt-m |          Reserved             |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                         Unicast-RP-Address-1                  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |          RP1-Holdtime         |           Unicast- . . .      |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | . . . RP-Address-2            |       RP2-Holdtime            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                               .                               |
   |                               .                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                         Unicast-RP-Address-m                  |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |          RPm-Holdtime         |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+



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   PIM Version, Type, Addr length, Checksum
         Described above.

   Fragment Tag
        A randomly generated number, acts to distinguish the
        fragments belonging to different Bootstrap messages;
        fragments belonging to same Bootstrap message carry the
        same `Fragment Tag'.

   Hash Mask len
        The length (in bits) of the mask to use in the hash
        function.  For IPv4 we recommend a value of 30. For IPv6 we
        recommend a value of 126.

   BSR-priority
        Contains the BSR priority value of the included BSR.  This
        field is considered as a high order byte when comparing BSR
        addresses.

   Unicast-BSR-Address
        The IP address of the bootstrap router for the domain. The
        length of this field in bytes is specified in Addr length.

   Encoded-Group Address-1..n
        The group prefix (address and mask) with which the
        Candidate RPs are associated. Format previously described.

   RP-Count-1..n
        The number of Candidate RP addresses included in the whole
        Bootstrap message for the corresponding group prefix. A
        router does not replace its old RP-Set for a given group
        prefix until/unless it receives `RP-Count' addresses for
        that prefix; the addresses could be carried over several
        fragments.  If only part of the RP-Set for a given group
        prefix was received, the router discards it, without
        updating that specific group prefix's RP-Set.

   Frag RP-Cnt-1..m
        The number of Candidate RP addresses included in this
        fragment of the Bootstrap message, for the corresponding
        group prefix. The `Frag RP-Cnt' field facilitates parsing
        of the RP-Set for a given group prefix, when carried over
        more than one fragment.

   Unicast-RP-address-1..m
        The address of the Candidate RPs, for the corresponding
        group prefix.  The length of this field in bytes is
        specified in Addr length.



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   RP1..m-Holdtime
        The Holdtime for the corresponding RP. This field is copied
        from the `Holdtime' field of the associated RP stored at
        the BSR.

4.7 Assert Message

   The Assert message is sent when a multicast data packet is received
   on an outgoing interface corresponding to the (S,G) or (*,G)
   associated with the source.


    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |PIM Ver| Type  | Addr length   |           Checksum            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Encoded-Group Address                    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                      Unicast-Source Address                   |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |R|                        Metric Preference                    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                          Metric                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   PIM Version, Type, Addr length, Checksum
         Described above.

   Encoded-Group Address
         The group address to which the data packet was addressed,
         and which triggered the Assert.  Format previously
         described.

   Unicast-Source Address
         Source IP address from IP multicast datagram that
         triggered the Assert packet to be sent. The length of this
         field in bytes is specified in Addr length.

   R     RPT-bit is a 1 bit value. If the IP multicast datagram
         that triggered the Assert packet is routed down the RP
         tree, then the RPT-bit is 1; if the IP multicast datagram
         is routed down the SPT, it is 0.

   Metric Preference
         Preference value assigned to the unicast routing protocol
         that provided the route to Host address.



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   Metric The unicast routing table metric. The metric is in units
         applicable to the unicast routing protocol used.

4.8 Graft Message

   Used in dense-mode. Refer to PIM dense mode specification.

4.9 Graft-Ack Message

   Used in dense-mode. Refer to PIM dense mode specification.

4.10 Candidate-RP-Advertisement

   Candidate-RP-Advertisements are periodically unicast from the C-RPs
   to the BSR.


    0                   1                   2                   3
    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |PIM Ver| Type  | Addr length   |           Checksum            |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   | Prefix-Cnt    |A| Reserved    |             Holdtime          |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                         Unicast-RP-Address                    |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                         Encoded-Group Address-1               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                               .                               |
   |                               .                               |
   |                               .                               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
   |                         Encoded-Group Address-n               |
   +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+


   PIM Version, Type, Addr length, Checksum
         Described above.

   Prefix-Cnt
         The number of encoded group addresses included in the
         message; indicating the group prefixes for which the C-RP
         is advertising. A Prefix-Cnt of `0' implies a prefix of
         224.0.0.0 with mask length of 4; i.e. all multicast groups.
         If the C-RP is not configured with Group-prefix
         information, the C-RP puts a default value of `0' in this
         field.




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   A     The Authoritative bit. This bit indicates that the BSR
         should not override the group-prefix information indicated
         in the C-RP Advertisement. In most cases C-RPs set this bit
         to 0.

   Holdtime
         The amount of time the advertisement is valid. This field
         allows advertisements to be aged out.

   Unicast-RP-Address
         The address of the interface to advertise as a Candidate
         RP.  The length of this field in bytes is specified in Addr
         length.

   Encoded-Group Address-1..n
         The group prefixes for which the C-RP is advertising.
         Format previously described.

5 Acknowledgments

   Tony Ballardie, Scott Brim, Jon Crowcroft, Bill Fenner, Paul Francis,
   Joel Halpern, Horst Hodel, Polly Huang, Stephen Ostrowski, Lixia
   Zhang and Girish Chandranmenon provided detailed comments on previous
   drafts. The authors of CBT [7] and membership of the IDMR WG provided
   many of the motivating ideas for this work and useful feedback on
   design details.

   This work was supported by the National Science Foundation, ARPA,
   cisco Systems and Sun Microsystems.






















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6 Appendices

6.1 Appendix I: Major Changes and Updates to the Spec

   This appendix populates the major changes in the specification
   document as compared to `draft-ietf-idmr-pim-spec-01.ps,txt'.

   * Major Changes

   List of changes since March '96 IETF:

   (*,*,RP) Joins state and data forwarding check; replaces (*,G-
   Prefix) Joins state for interoperability. (*,G) negative cache
   introduced for the (*,*,RP) state supporting mechanisms.

   Semantic fragmentation for the Bootstrap message.

   Refinement of Assert details.

   Addition and refinement of Join/Prune suppression and Register
   suppression (introduction of null Registers).

   Editorial changes and clarifications to the timers section.

   Addition of Appendix II (BSR Election and RP-Set Distribution), and
   Appendix III (Glossary of Terms).

   Addition of table of contents.

   List of changes incurred since version 1 of the spec.:

   Proposal and refinement of bootstrap router (BSR) election mechanisms

   Introduction of hash functions for Group to RP mapping

   New RP-liveness indication mechanisms based upon the the Bootstrap
   Router (BSR) and the Bootstrap messages.

   Removal of reachability messages, RP reports and multiple RPs per
   group.


   * Packet Format Changes

   Packet Format incurred updates to accommodate different address
   lengths, and address aggregation.





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   1    The `Addr length' field was added to the PIM fixed header
        to specify the address length in bytes of the underlying
        protocol, see section 4.

   2    The Encoded source and group address formats were
        introduced, with the use of a `Mask length' field to allow
        aggregation, section 4.1.

   3    Packet formats are no longer IGMP messages; rather PIM
        messages.


   PIM message types and formats were also modified:

   [Note: most changes were made to the May 95 version, unless otherwise
   specified].

   1    Obsolete messages:

        Register-Ack [Feb. 96]

        Poll and Poll Response [Feb. 96]

        RP-Reachability [Feb. 96]

        RPlist-Mapping [Feb. 96]


   2    New messages:

        Candidate-RP-Advertisement [change made in October 95]
        RP-Set [Feb. 96]


   3    Modified messages:

        Join/Prune [Feb. 96]
        Register [Feb. 96]
        Register-Stop [Feb.  96]
        Hello (addition of OptionTypes) [Aug 96]


   4    Renamed messages:

        Query messages are renamed as Hello messages [Aug. 96]
        RP-Set messages are renamed as Bootstrap messages [Aug. 96]





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6.2 Appendix II: BSR Election and RP-Set Distribution

   For simplicity, the Bootstrap message is used in both the BSR election
   and the RP-Set distribution.

   The above two mechanisms; the BSR election, and the RP-Set
   distribution; are realized through the following state machine,
   illustrated in figure 4:

      [Figures are present only in the postscript version]
      Fig.  4 State Diagram for the BSR election and RP-Set
      distribution mechanisms

   The protocol transitions for a C-BSR are given in state diagram (a).
   For routers not configured as C-BSRs, the protocol transitions are
   given in state diagram (b).

   Each PIM router keeps a Bootstrap-timer, initialized to
   [Bootstrap-Timeout], in addition to a local BSR field `LclBSR'
   (initialized to a local address if C-BSR, or to 0 otherwise), and a
   local RP-Set `LclRP-Set' (initially empty).  The two main stimuli to
   the state machine are the timer events, and receiving an Bootstrap
   message:

   * Initial States and Timer Events


   1    If the router is a C-BSR:

        1    The router operates initially in the `CandBSR' state, where
             it does not originate any Bootstrap messages.

        2    If the Bootstrap-timer expires, and the current state is
             `CandBSR', the router originates an Bootstrap message -
             carrying the local RP-Set, and its own BSR priority and
             address-, restarts the Bootstrap-timer at [Bootstrap-
             Period] seconds and transits into the `ElectedBSR' state.

        3    If the Bootstrap-timer expires, and the current state is
             `ElectedBSR', the router originates an Bootstrap message,
             and restarts the RP-Set timer at [Bootstrap-Period].  No
             state transition is incurred.

             This way, the elected BSR originates periodic Bootstrap
             messages every [Bootstrap-Period].






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   2    If a router is not a C-BSR:

        1    The router operates initially in the 'AxptAny' state.  In
             such state, a router accepts the first Bootstrap message
             from the RPF neighbor toward the included BSR. The Reverse
             Path Forwarding (RPF) neighbor in this case is the next hop
             router en route to the included BSR.

        2    If the Bootstrap-timer expires, and the current state is
             `AxptPref', -where the router accepts only preferred.
             Bootstrap messages from the RPF neighbor toward the
             included BSR-, the router transits into the `AxptAny'
             state (preferred Bootstrap messages are those that carry
             BSR-priority and address higher than, or equal to,
             `LclBSR').

             In this case, if an elected BSR becomes unreachable, the
             routers start accepting Bootstrap messages from another C-
             BSR after the Bootstrap-timer expires.  All PIM routers
             within a domain converge on the preferred (with highest
             priority and address) reachable C-BSR.


   * Receiving Bootstrap Message

   To avoid loops, an RPF check is performed on the included BSR address.
   Upon receiving an Bootstrap message from the RPF neighbor toward the
   included BSR, the following actions are taken:

   1    If the router is not a C-BSR:

        1    If the current state is 'AxptAny', the router accepts the
             Bootstrap message, and transits into the 'AxptPref' state.

        2    If the current state is 'AxptPref', and the Bootstrap
             message is preferred, the message is accepted. No state
             transition is incurred.

   2    If the router is a C-BSR, and the Bootstrap message is
        preferred, the message is accepted. Further, if this happens
        when the current state is

   When an Bootstrap message is accepted, the router restarts the
   Bootstrap-timer at [Bootstrap-Timeout], stores the received BSR
   priority and address in `LclBSR', and the received RP-Set in
   `LclRP-Set', and forwards the Bootstrap message out all interfaces
   except the receiving interface.




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   If an Bootstrap message is rejected, no state transitions are
   triggered.

6.3 Appendix III: Glossary of Terms

   Following is an alphabetized list of terms and definitions used
   throughout this specification.


   *    {Bootstrap router (BSR)}. A BSR is a dynamically elected router
        within a PIM domain. It is responsible for constructing the RP-
        Set and originating Bootstrap messages.

   *    {Candidate-BSR (C-BSR)}. A C-BSR is a router configured to
        participate in the BSR election and act as BSRs if elected.

   *    {Candidate RP (C-RP)}. A C-RP is a router configured to send
        periodic Candidate-RP-Advertisement messages to the BSR, and act
        as an RP when it receives Join/Prune or Register messages for
        the advertised group prefix.

   *    {Designated Router (DR)}.  The DR sets up multicast route
        entries and sends corresponding Join/Prune and Register messages
        on behalf of directly-connected receivers and sources,
        respectively.  The DR may or may not be the same router as the
        IGMP Querier. The DR may or may not be the long-term, last-hop
        router for the group; a router on the LAN that has a lower
        metric route to the data source, or to the group's RP, may take
        over the role of sending Join/Prune messages.

   *    {Incoming interface (iif)}. The iif of a multicast route entry
        indicates the interface from which multicast data packets are
        accepted for forwarding. The iif is initialized when the entry
        is created.

   *    {Join list}. The Join list is one of two lists of addresses that
        is included in a Join/Prune message; each address refers to a
        source or RP.  It indicates those sources or RPs to which
        downstream receiver(s) wish to join.

   *    {Last-hop router}. The last-hop router is the last router to
        receive multicast data packets before they are delivered to
        directly-connected member hosts. In general the last-hop router
        is the DR for the LAN.  However, under various conditions
        described in this document a parallel router connected to the
        same LAN may take over as the last-hop router in place of the
        DR.




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   *    {Outgoing interface (oif) list}. Each multicast route entry has
        an oif list containing the outgoing interfaces to which
        multicast packets should be forwarded.

   *    {Prune List}. The Prune list is the second list of addresses
        that is included in a Join/Prune message. It indicates those
        sources or RPs from which downstream receiver(s) wish to prune.

   *    {PIM Multicast Border Router (PMBR)}. A PMBR connects a PIM
        domain to other multicast routing domain(s).

   *    {Rendezvous Point (RP)}. Each multicast group has a shared-tree
        via which receivers hear of new sources and new receivers hear
        of all sources. The RP is the root of this per-group shared
        tree, called the RP-Tree.

   *    {RP-Set}. The RP-Set is a set of RP addresses constructed by
        the BSR based on Candidate-RP advertisements received. The RP-
        Set information is distributed to all PIM routers in the BSR's
        PIM domain.

   *    {Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF)}. RPF is used to select the
        appropriate incoming interface for a multicast route entry . The
        RPF neighbor for an IP address X is the the next-hop router used
        to forward packets toward X. The RPF interface is the interface
        to that RPF neighbor. In the common case this is the next hop
        used by the unicast routing protocol for sending unicast packets
        toward X. For example, in cases where unicast and multicast
        routes are not congruent, it can be different.

   *    {Route entry.} A multicast route entry is state maintained in a
        router along the distribution tree and is created, and updated
        based on incoming control messages.  The route entry may be
        different from the forwarding entry; the latter is used to
        forward data packets in real time. Typically a forwarding entry
        is not created until data packets arrive, the forwarding entry's
        iif and oif list are copied from the route entry, and the
        forwarding entry may be flushed and recreated at will.

   *    {Shortest path tree (SPT)}.  The SPT is the multicast
        distribution tree created by the merger of all of the shortest
        paths that connect receivers to the source (as determined by
        unicast routing).

   *    {Sparse Mode (SM)}. SM is one mode of operation of a multicast
        protocol.  PIM SM uses explicit Join/Prune messages and
        Rendezvous points in place of Dense Mode PIM's and DVMRP's
        broadcast and prune mechanism.



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   *    {Wildcard (WC) multicast route entry}. Wildcard multicast route
        entries are those entries that may be used to forward packets
        for any source sending to the specified group. Wildcard bots in
        the join list of a Join/Prune message represent either a (*,G)
        or (*,*,RP) join; in the prune list they represent a (*,G)
        prune.

   *    {(S,G) route entry}. (S,G) is a source-specific route entry. It
        may be created in response to data packets, Join/Prune messages,
        or Asserts. The (S,G) state in routers creates a source-rooted,
        shortest path (or reverse shortest path) distribution tree.
        (S,G)RPT bit entries are source-specific entries on the shared
        RP-Tree; these entries are used to prune particular sources off
        of the shared tree.

   *    {(*,G) route entry}. Group members join the shared RP-Tree for
        a particular group. This tree is represented by (*,G) multicast
        route entries along the shortest path branches between the RP
        and the group members.

   *    {(*,*,RP) route entry}. (*,*,RP) refers to any source and any
        multicast group that maps to the RP included in the entry. The
        routers along the shortest path branches between a domain's
        RP(s) and its PMBRs keep (*,*,RP) state and use it to determine
        how to deliver packets toward the PMBRs if data packets arrive
        for which there is not a longer match. The wildcard group in the
        (*,*,RP) route entry is represented by a group address of
        224.0.0.0 and a mask length of 4 bits.


   References

1.   Deering, S., D.Estrin, D.Farinacci, V.Jacobson, C.Liu, L.Wei,
     P.Sharma, and A.Helmy.  Protocol independent multicast (pim) :
     Motivation and architecture. Work in Progress.


2.   Deering, S., D.Estrin, D.Farinacci, V.Jacobson, C.Liu, and L.Wei.
     The pim architecture for wide-area multicast routing.
     ACM Transactions on Networks, April 1996.


3.   Estrin, D., D.Farinacci, V.Jacobson, C.Liu, L.Wei, P.Sharma, and
     A.Helmy.  Protocol independent multicast-dense mode (pim-dm) :
     Protocol specification.  Work in Progress.


4.   Deering, S. Host extensions for ip multicasting, Aug 1989. RFC1112.



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5.   Fenner, W. Internet group management protocol, version 2.
     Work in Progress.


6.   Atkinson, R. Security architecture for the internet protocol,
     August 1995. RFC-1825.


7.   Ballardie, A.J., P.F. Francis, and J.Crowcroft. Core based trees.
     In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM, San Francisco, 1993.


   Addresses of Authors:

   Deborah Estrin
   Computer Science Dept/ISI
   University of Southern Calif.
   Los Angeles, CA 90089 
   estrin@usc.edu

   Dino Farinacci
   Cisco Systems Inc.
   170 West Tasman Drive,
   San Jose, CA 95134
   dino@cisco.com

   Ahmed Helmy
   Computer Science Dept.
   University of Southern Calif.
   Los Angeles, CA 90089
   ahelmy@catarina.usc.edu

   David Thaler
   EECS Department
   University of Michigan
   Ann Arbor, MI 48109
   thalerd@eecs.umich.edu

   Stephen Deering
   Xerox PARC
   3333 Coyote Hill Road
   Palo Alto, CA 94304
   deering@parc.xerox.com









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   Mark Handley
   Department of Computer Science
   University College London
   Gower Street
   London, WC1E 6BT
   UK
   m.handley@cs.ucl.ac.uk

   Van Jacobson
   Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
   1 Cyclotron Road
   Berkeley, CA 94720
   van@ee.lbl.gov

   Ching-gung  Liu
   Computer Science Dept.
   University of Southern Calif.
   Los Angeles, CA 90089
   charley@catarina.usc.edu

   Puneet Sharma
   Computer Science Dept.
   University of Southern Calif.
   Los Angeles, CA 90089
   puneet@catarina.usc.edu

   Liming Wei
   Cisco Systems Inc.
   170 West Tasman Drive,
   San Jose, CA 95134
   lwei@cisco.com




















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