



Operations and Management Area Working Group                    J. Evans
Internet-Draft                                              O. Pylypenko
Intended status: Standards Track                                  Amazon
Expires: 17 July 2026                                            J. Haas
                                                        Juniper Networks
                                                               A. Kadosh
                                                     Cisco Systems, Inc.
                                                            M. Boucadair
                                                                  Orange
                                                         13 January 2026


        Information and Data Models for Packet Discard Reporting
                   draft-ietf-opsawg-discardmodel-11

Abstract

   This document defines an Information Model and specifies a
   corresponding YANG data model for packet discard reporting.  The
   Information Model provides an implementation-independent framework
   for classifying packet loss - both intended (e.g., due to policy) and
   unintended (e.g., due to congestion or errors) - to enable automated
   network mitigation of unintended packet loss.  The YANG data model
   specifies an implementation of this Information Model for network
   elements.

About This Document

   This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

   The latest revision of this draft can be found at https://o-
   pylypenko.github.io/draft-ietf-opsawg-discardmodel/draft-ietf-opsawg-
   discardmodel.html.  Status information for this document may be found
   at https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-opsawg-discardmodel/.

   Discussion of this document takes place on the Operations and
   Management Area Working Group mailing list (mailto:opsawg@ietf.org),
   which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/
   opsawg/.  Subscribe at https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/opsawg/.

   Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
   https://github.com/o-pylypenko/draft-ietf-opsawg-discardmodel.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.




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   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on 17 July 2026.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2026 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
     1.1.  Editorial Note (To be removed by the RFC Editor)  . . . .   4
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  Information Model (IM)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.1.  Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.2.  Sub-type Definitions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     4.3.  "ietf-packet-discard-reporting-common" YANG Module  . . .  11
     4.4.  "ietf-packet-discard-reporting-sx" YANG Module  . . . . .  24
   5.  Data Model (DM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     5.1.  Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     5.2.  Implementation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     5.3.  Usage Examples  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     5.4.  "ietf-packet-discard-reporting" YANG Module . . . . . . .  32
   6.  Deployment Considerations Experience  . . . . . . . . . . . .  37
   7.  Implementation Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     7.1.  Information Model Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     7.2.  Data Model Implementations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
     8.1.  Information Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39



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     8.2.  Data Model  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  40
   10. Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
   11. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
   12. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     12.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
     12.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  42
   Appendix A.  Where Do Packets Get Dropped?  . . . . . . . . . . .  45
   Appendix B.  Example Signal-to-mitigation Action Mapping  . . . .  46
   Appendix C.  Full Information Model Tree  . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
   Appendix D.  Full Data Model Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  55
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59

1.  Introduction

   The primary function of a network is to transport and deliver packets
   according to service level objectives.  For network operators,
   understanding both where and why packet loss occurs within a network
   is essential for effective operation.  Device-reported packet loss
   provides the most direct signal for identifying service impact.
   While certain types of packet loss, such as policy-based discards,
   are intentional and part of normal network operation, unintended
   packet loss can impact customer services.  To automate network
   operations, operators must be able to detect customer-impacting
   packet loss, determine its root cause, and apply appropriate
   mitigation actions.  Precise classification of packet loss is thus
   crucial to ensure that anomalous packet loss is easily detected and
   that the right action is taken to mitigate the impact.  Taking the
   wrong action can make problems worse; for example, removing a
   congested device from service can exacerbate congestion by
   redirecting traffic to other already congested links or devices.

   Existing metrics for reporting packet loss, such as ifInDiscards,
   ifOutDiscards, ifInErrors, and ifOutErrors defined in "The Interfaces
   Group MIB" [RFC2863] and "A YANG Data Model for Interface Management"
   [RFC8343], are insufficient for automating network operations.
   First, they lack precision; for instance, ifInDiscards aggregates all
   discarded inbound packets without specifying the cause, making it
   challenging to distinguish between intended and unintended discards.
   Second, these definitions are ambiguous, leading to inconsistent
   vendor implementations.  For example, in some implementations
   ifInErrors accounts only for errored packets that are dropped, while
   in others, it includes all errored packets, whether they are dropped
   or not.  Many implementations support more discard metrics than
   these, however, they have been inconsistently implemented due to the
   lack of a standardised classification scheme and clear semantics for
   packet loss reporting.  For example, [RFC7270] provides support for
   reporting discards per flow in IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)



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   [RFC7011] using the forwardingStatus IPFIX Information Element,
   however, the defined drop reason codes also lack sufficient clarity
   to facilitate automated root cause analysis and impact mitigation
   (e.g., the "For us" reason code).

   This document defines an Information Model (IM) and specifies a
   corresponding YANG Data Model (DM) for packet loss reporting which
   address these issues.  The IM provides precise classification of
   packet loss to enable accurate automated mitigation.  The DM
   specifies a YANG implementation of this framework for network
   elements, while maintaining consistency through clear semantics.

   The scope of this document is limited to reporting packet loss at
   Layer 3 and frames discarded at Layer 2.  This document considers
   only the signals that may trigger automated mitigation actions and
   not how the actions are defined or executed.

   Section 3 describes the problem space and requirements.  Section 4
   defines the IM and classification scheme.  Section 5 specifies the
   corresponding YANG data model and implementation requirements
   together with a set of usage examples, and the complete YANG module
   definition.  The appendices provide additional context and
   implementation guidance.

1.1.  Editorial Note (To be removed by the RFC Editor)

   Note to the RFC Editor: This section is to be removed prior to
   publication.

   This document contains placeholder values that need to be replaced
   with finalized values at the time of publication.  This note
   summarizes all of the substitutions that are needed.

   Please apply the following replacements:

   *  XXXX --> the assigned RFC number for this I-D

   *  2024-06-04 --> the actual date of the publication of this document

2.  Terminology

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.





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   Tree diagrams used in this document follow the notation defined in
   [RFC8340].

   This document makes use of the following terms:

   Packet discard:  It accounts for any instance where a packet is
      dropped by a device, regardless of whether the discard was
      intentional or unintentional.

   Intended packet discards (Intended discards, for short):  Are packets
      dropped due to deliberate network policies or configurations
      designed to enforce security or Quality of Service (QoS).  For
      example, packets dropped because they match an Access Control List
      (ACL) denying certain traffic types.

   Unintended packet discards (Unintended discards, for short):  Are
      packets that were dropped, which the network operator otherwise
      intended to deliver, i.e. which indicates an error state.  There
      are many possible reasons for unintended packet loss, including:
      erroring links may corrupt packets in transit; incorrect routing
      tables may result in packets being dropped because they do not
      match a valid route; configuration errors may result in a valid
      packet incorrectly matching an ACL and being dropped.

      Device discard counters do not by themselves establish operator
      intent.  Discards reported under policy (e.g., ACL/policer)
      indicate only that traffic matched a configured rule; such
      discards may still be unintended if the configuration is in error.
      Determining intent for policy discards requires external context
      (e.g., configuration validation and change history) which is out
      of scope for this specification.

3.  Problem Statement

   The fundamental problem for network operators is how to automatically
   detect when and where unintended packet loss is occurring and
   determine the appropriate action to mitigate it.  For any network,
   there are a small set of potential actions that can be taken to
   mitigate customer impact when unintended packet loss is detected, for
   example:

   1.  Take a problematic device, link, or set of devices and/or links
       out of service.

   2.  Return a device, link, or set of devices and/or links back into
       service.





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   3.  Move traffic to other links or devices to alleviate congestion or
       avoid problematic paths.

   4.  Roll back a recent change to a device that might have caused the
       problem.

   5.  Escalate to a network operator as a last resort when automated
       mitigation is not possible.

   The ability to select the appropriate mitigation action depends on
   four key features of packet loss:

   FEATURE-DISCARD-SCOPE:  Determines which devices, interfaces, and/or
      flows are impacted.

   FEATURE-DISCARD-RATE:  The rate and/or magnitude of the discards,
      indicating the severity and urgency of the problem.  Rate may be
      expressed using absolute (e.g., pps (packets per second)) or
      relative (e.g., percent) values.

   FEATURE-DISCARD-DURATION:  The duration of the discards which helps
      to distinguish transient from persistent issues.

   FEATURE-DISCARD-CLASS:  The type or class of discards, which is
      crucial for selecting the appropriate type of mitigation.
      Examples may be: error discards may require taking faulty
      components out of service, no-buffer discards may require traffic
      redistribution, or intended policy discards typically require no
      action.  Refer to Table 1 for more examples.

   While most of FEATURE-DISCARD-SCOPE, FEATURE-DISCARD-RATE, and
   FEATURE-DISCARD-DURATION are implicitly supported by the Interfaces
   Group MIB [RFC2863] and the YANG Data Model for Interface Management
   [RFC8343], FEATURE-DISCARD-CLASS requires a more detailed
   classification scheme than they define.  The IM provided in Section 4
   defines such a classification scheme to enable automated mapping from
   loss signals to appropriate mitigation actions.

4.  Information Model (IM)

   The IM is defined using YANG [RFC7950], with Data Structure
   Extensions [RFC8791], allowing the model to remain abstract and
   decoupled from specific implementations in accordance with [RFC3444].
   This abstraction supports different DM implementations, such as YANG
   or IPFIX [RFC7011], while ensuring consistency across
   implementations.  Using YANG for the IM enables this abstraction,
   leverages the community's familiarity with its syntax, and ensures
   lossless translation to the corresponding YANG data model, which is



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   defined in Section 5.

   In order to ease reuse of the IM structure by DMs but without
   requiring that these DMs to parse the "sx" structure defined in
   [RFC8791], main reusable nodes are defined in a common module
   (Section 4.3) while the corresponding IM YANG module is defined in
   Section 4.4.

4.1.  Structure

   The IM defines a hierarchical classification scheme for packet
   discards, which captures where in a device the discards are accounted
   (component), in which direction they were flowing (direction),
   whether they were successfully processed or discarded (type), what
   protocol layer they belong to (layer), and the specific reason for
   any discards (sub-types).  This structure enables both high-level
   monitoring of total discards and more detailed triage to map to
   mitigation actions.

   The abstract structure of the IM is depicted in Figure 1.  The full
   YANG tree diagram of the IM is provided in Appendix C.

   module: ietf-packet-discard-reporting-sx

     structure packet-discard-reporting:
       +-- control-plane {pdr-common:control-plane-stats}?
       |  +-- traffic* [direction]
       |  |  ...
       |  +-- discards* [direction]
       |     ...
       +-- interface* [name] {pdr-common:interface-stats}?
       |  +-- name        string
       |  +-- traffic* [direction]
       |  |  +-- direction    identityref
       |  |  +-- l2
       |  |  |  ...
       |  |  +-- l3
       |  |  |  ...
       |  |  +-- qos
       |  |     ...
       |  +-- discards* [direction]
       |     +-- direction    identityref
       |     +-- l2
       |     |  ...
       |     +-- l3
       |     |  ...
       |     +-- errors
       |     |  +-- l2



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       |     |  |  ...
       |     |  +-- l3
       |     |  |  ...
       |     |  +-- internal
       |     |     ...
       |     +-- policy
       |     |  +-- l2
       |     |  |  ...
       |     |  +-- l3
       |     |     ...
       |     +-- no-buffer
       |           ...
       +-- flow* [direction] {pdr-common:flow-reporting}?
       |  +-- direction    identityref
       |  +-- traffic
       |  |  +-- l2
       |  |  |  ...
       |  |  +-- l3
       |  |  |  ...
       |  |  +-- qos
       |  |     ...
       |  +-- discards
       |     +-- l2
       |     |  ...
       |     +-- l3
       |     |  ...
       |     +-- errors
       |     |  +-- l2
       |     |  |  ...
       |     |  +-- l3
       |     |  |  ...
       |     |  +-- internal
       |     |     ...
       |     +-- policy
       |     |  +-- l2
       |     |  |  ...
       |     |  +-- l3
       |     |     ...
       |     +-- no-buffer
       |           ...
       +-- device {pdr-common:device-stats}?
          +-- traffic
          |  +-- l2
          |  |  ...
          |  +-- l3
          |  |  ...
          |  +-- qos
          |     ...



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          +-- discards
             +-- l2
             |  ...
             +-- l3
             |  ...
             +-- errors
             |  +-- l2
             |  |  ...
             |  +-- l3
             |  |  ...
             |  +-- internal
             |     ...
             +-- policy
             |  +-- l2
             |  |  ...
             |  +-- l3
             |     ...
             +-- no-buffer
                   ...

                    Figure 1: Abstract IM Tree Structure

   The discard reporting can be organized into several types: control
   plane, interface, flow, and device.  In order to allow for better
   mapping to underlying DMs, the IM supports a set of "features" to
   control the supported type.

   A complete classification path follows the pattern:
   component/direction/type/layer/sub-type/sub-sub-type/.../metric.
   Appendix A illustrates where these discards typically occur in a
   network device.  The elements of the tree are defined as follows:

   *  Component:

      -  control-plane: discards of traffic to or from a device's
         control plane.

      -  interface: discards of traffic to or from a specific network
         interface.

      -  flow: discards of traffic associated with a specific traffic
         flow.

      -  device: discards of traffic transiting the device.

   *  Direction:

      -  ingress: counters for incoming packets or frames.



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      -  egress: counters for outgoing packets or frames.

   *  Type:

      -  traffic: counters for successfully received or transmitted
         packets or frames.

      -  discards: counters for packets or frames that were dropped.

   *  Layer:

      -  l2: Layer 2 traffic and discards.  This covers both frame and
         byte counts.

      -  l3: Layer 3 traffic and discards.  This covers both packet and
         byte counts.

   The hierarchical structure allows for future extension while
   maintaining backward compatibility.  New discard types can be added
   as new branches without affecting existing implementations.

   The corresponding YANG module is defined in Section 4.4.

4.2.  Sub-type Definitions

   discards/policy/:  These are intended discards, meaning packets
      dropped due to a configured policy, including: ACLs, traffic
      policers, unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (uRPF) checks, DDoS
      protection rules, and explicit null routes.  In practice, ingress
      DDoS protection policies are often realized using mechanisms such
      as ingress filtering and uRPF ([RFC2827], [RFC3704], [RFC8704]),
      remotely triggered blackholing ([RFC3882], [RFC5635]), or BGP Flow
      Specification–based filters ([RFC8955], [RFC8956], [RFC9117]); all
      such policy-driven discards are reported under this class.

   discards/error/:  These are unintended discards due to errors in
      processing packets or frames.  There are multiple sub-classes.

      *  discards/error/l2/rx/:  These are frames discarded due to
            errors in the received Layer 2 frame, including: CRC errors,
            invalid MAC addresses, invalid VLAN tags, frame size
            violations and other malformed frame conditions.

      *  discards/error/l3/rx/:  These are discards which occur due to







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            errors in the received packet, indicating an upstream
            problem rather than an issue with the device dropping the
            errored packets, including: header checksum errors, MTU
            exceeded, invalid packet errors, i.e., incorrect version,
            incorrect header length, invalid options and other malformed
            packet conditions.

      *  discards/error/l3/rx/ttl-expired:  These are discards due to
            TTL (or Hop limit) expiry, which can occur for the following
            reasons: normal trace-route operations, end-system TTL/Hop
            limit set too low, routing loops in the network.

      *  discards/error/l3/no-route/:  These are discards which occur
            due to a packet not matching any route in the routing table,
            e.g., which may be due to routing configuration errors or
            may be transient discards during convergence.

      *  discards/error/internal/:  These are discards due to internal
            device issues, including: parity errors in device memory or
            other internal hardware errors.  Any errored discards not
            explicitly assigned to other classes are also accounted for
            here.

   discards/no-buffer/:  These are discards due to buffer exhaustion
      (that is congestion related discards).  These can be tail-drop
      discards or due to an active queue management algorithm, such as
      Random Early Detection (RED) [RED93] or Controlled Delay (CoDel)
      [RFC8289].

   An example of possible signal-to-mitigation action mapping is
   provided in Appendix B.

4.3.  "ietf-packet-discard-reporting-common" YANG Module

   The "ietf-packet-discard-reporting-common" module imports "ietf-yang-
   types" defined in [RFC9911].

   <CODE BEGINS>
     file "ietf-packet-discard-reporting-common@2024-06-04.yang"
   module ietf-packet-discard-reporting-common {
     yang-version 1.1;
     namespace "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:"
             + "ietf-packet-discard-reporting-common";
     prefix pdr-common;

     import ietf-yang-types {
       prefix yang;
       reference



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         "RFC 9911: Common YANG Data Types";
     }

     organization
       "IETF OPSAWG (Operations and Management Area Working Group)";
     contact
       "WG Web:   https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/opsawg/
        WG List:  mailto:opsawg@ietf.org

        Author:   John Evans
                  <mailto:jevanamz@amazon.co.uk>

        Author:   Oleksandr Pylypenko
                  <mailto:opyl@amazon.com>

        Author:   Jeffrey Haas
                  <mailto:jhaas@juniper.net>

        Author:   Aviran Kadosh
                  <mailto:akadosh@cisco.com>

        Author:   Mohamed Boucadair
                  <mailto:mohamed.boucadair@orange.com>";
     description
       "This module defines a common YANG module for packet discard
        reporting.

        Copyright (c) 2026 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
        authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

        Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
        without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
        to the license terms contained in, the Revised BSD License
        set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
        Relating to IETF Documents
        (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

        All revisions of IETF and IANA published modules can be found
        at the YANG Parameters registry group
        (https://www.iana.org/assignments/yang-parameters).

        This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see
        the RFC itself for full legal notices.";

     revision 2024-06-04 {
       description
         "Initial revision.";
       reference



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         "RFC XXXX: Information and Data Models for Packet Discard
                    Reporting";
     }

     /*
      * Features
      */

     feature control-plane-stats {
       description
         "Indicates support of control plane statistics on this
          device.";
     }

     feature interface-stats {
       description
         "Indicates support of interface statistics on this
          device.";
     }

     feature flow-reporting {
       description
         "Indicates support of flow reporting on this device.";
     }

     feature device-stats {
       description
         "Indicates support of global device statistics on this
          device.";
     }

     /*
      * Identities
      */

     identity direction {
       description
         "Defines a direction for the reported statistics.";
     }

     identity ingress {
       base direction;
       description
         "Reports statistics for the received packets from
          the network.";
     }

     identity egress {



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       base direction;
       description
         "Reports statistics for the sent packets to
          to the network.";
     }

     identity address-family {
       description
         "Defines a type for the address family.";
     }

     identity ip {
       base address-family;
       description
         "Identity for IP address family.";
     }

     identity ipv4 {
       base ip;
       description
         "Identity for IPv4 address family.";
     }

     identity ipv6 {
       base ip;
       description
         "Identity for IPv6 address family.";
     }

     /*
      * Groupings
      */

     grouping basic-packets {
       description
         "Grouping for Layer 3 packet counters.";
       leaf packets {
         type yang:counter64;
         description
           "Number of Layer 3 packets.";
       }
     }

     grouping basic-packets-bytes {
       description
         "Grouping for Layer 3 packet and byte counters.";
       uses basic-packets;
       leaf bytes {



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         type yang:counter64;
         description
           "Number of Layer 3 bytes.";
       }
     }

     grouping basic-frames {
       description
         "Grouping for Layer 2 frame counters.";
       leaf frames {
         type yang:counter64;
         description
           "Number of Layer 2 frames.";
       }
     }

     grouping l2-traffic {
       description
         "Grouping for Layer 2 frame and byte counters.";
       uses basic-frames;
       leaf bytes {
         type yang:counter64;
         description
           "Number of Layer 2 bytes.";
       }
     }

     grouping l3-traffic {
       description
         "Layer 3 traffic counters per address family.";
       list address-family-stat {
         key "address-family";
         description
           "Reports per address family traffic counters.";
         leaf address-family {
           type identityref {
             base address-family;
           }
           description
             "Specifies an address family.";
         }
         uses basic-packets-bytes;
         container unicast {
           description
             "Unicast traffic counters.";
           uses basic-packets-bytes;
         }
         container multicast {



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           description
             "Multicast traffic counters.";
           uses basic-packets-bytes;
         }
         container broadcast {
           when "derived-from-or-self(../address-family, "
              + "'pdr-common:ipv4')" {
             description
               "Only applicable for IPv4.";
           }
           description
             "Broadcast traffic counters.";
           uses basic-packets-bytes;
         }
       }
     }

     grouping class-list {
       description
         "Class-based traffic counters.";
       list class {
         key "id";
         min-elements 1;
         description
           "Class traffic counters.";
         leaf id {
           type string;
           description
             "Class identifier.";
         }
         uses basic-packets-bytes;
       }
     }

     grouping qos {
       description
         "Quality of Service (QoS) traffic counters.";
       container qos {
         presence "QoS statistics are available.";
         description
           "Per-class QoS traffic counters.";
         uses class-list;
       }
     }

     grouping traffic {
       description
         "All traffic counters.";



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       container l2 {
         description
           "Layer 2 traffic counters.";
         uses l2-traffic;
       }
       container l3 {
         description
           "Layer 3 traffic counters.";
         uses l3-traffic;
       }
       uses qos;
     }

     grouping errors-l2-rx {
       description
         "Layer 2 ingress frame error discard counters.";
       container rx {
         description
           "Layer 2 ingress frame receive error discard
            counters.";
         leaf frames {
           type yang:counter64;
           description
             "The number of frames discarded due to errors
              with the received frame.";
         }
         leaf crc-error {
           type yang:counter64;
           description
             "The number of received frames discarded due to
              CRC error.";
         }
         leaf invalid-mac {
           type yang:counter64;
           description
             "The number of received frames discarded due to
              an invalid MAC address.";
         }
         leaf invalid-vlan {
           type yang:counter64;
           description
             "The number of received frames discarded due to
              an invalid VLAN tag.";
         }
         leaf invalid-frame {
           type yang:counter64;
           description
             "The number of invalid received frames discarded due to



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              other reasons, not limited to: malformed frames,
              frame-size violations.";
         }
       }
     }

     grouping errors-l3-rx {
       description
         "Layer 3 ingress packet error discard counters.";
       container rx {
         description
           "Layer 3 ingress packet receive error discard
            counters.";
         leaf packets {
           type yang:counter64;
           description
             "The number of Layer 3 packets discarded due to
              errors in the received packet.";
         }
         leaf checksum-error {
           type yang:counter64;
           description
             "The number of received packets discarded due
              to a checksum error.";
         }
         leaf mtu-exceeded {
           type yang:counter64;
           description
             "The number of received packets discarded due to
              MTU exceeded.";
         }
         leaf invalid-packet {
           type yang:counter64;
           description
             "The number of received invalid packets discarded due
              to other reasons, not limited to: invalid packet length,
              invalid header fields, invalid options, invalid protocol
              version, invalid flags or control bits, malformed
              packets.";
         }
       }
       leaf ttl-expired {
         type yang:counter64;
         description
           "The number of received packets discarded due to
            expired TTL.";
       }
       leaf no-route {



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         type yang:counter64;
         description
           "The number of received packets discarded due to not
            matching a valid route.";
       }
       leaf invalid-sid {
         type yang:counter64;
         description
           "The number of received packets discarded due to an
            invalid Segment Routing over IPv6 (SRv6) SID.
            For SR-MPLS, invalid SIDs have to be accounted
            under invalid-label.";
       }
       leaf invalid-label {
         type yang:counter64;
         description
           "The number of received packets discarded due to an
            invalid MPLS label.";
       }
     }

     grouping errors-l3-int {
       description
         "Internal error discard counters.";
       leaf packets {
         type yang:counter64;
         description
           "The number of packets discarded due to internal
            errors.";
       }
       leaf parity-error {
         type yang:counter64;
         description
           "The number of packets discarded due to parity
            errors.";
       }
     }

     grouping errors-l2-tx {
       description
         "Layer 2 transmit error discard counters.";
       container tx {
         description
           "Layer 2 transmit frame error discard counters.";
         leaf frames {
           type yang:counter64;
           description
             "The number of Layer 2 frames discarded due to



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              errors when transmitting.";
         }
       }
     }

     grouping errors-l3-tx {
       description
         "Layer 3 transmit error discard counters.";
       container tx {
         description
           "Layer 3 transmit packet error discard counters.";
         leaf packets {
           type yang:counter64;
           description
             "The number of Layer 3 packets discarded due to
              errors when transmitting.";
         }
       }
     }

     grouping errors {
       description
         "Error discard counters.";
       container l2 {
         description
           "Layer 2 frame error discard counters.";
         uses errors-l2-rx;
         uses errors-l2-tx;
       }
       container l3 {
         description
           "Layer 3 packet error discard counters.";
         uses errors-l3-rx;
         uses errors-l3-tx;
       }
       container internal {
         description
           "Internal error discard counters.";
         uses errors-l3-int;
       }
     }

     grouping policy-l2 {
       description
         "Layer 2 policy frame discard counters.";
       leaf frames {
         type yang:counter64;
         description



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           "The number of Layer 2 frames discarded due
            to policy.";
       }
       leaf acl {
         type yang:counter64;
         description
           "The number of frames discarded due to Layer 2 ACLs.";
       }
     }

     grouping policy-l3 {
       description
         "Layer 3 policy packet discard counters.";
       leaf packets {
         type yang:counter64;
         description
           "The number of Layer 3 packets discarded due to policy.";
       }
       leaf acl {
         type yang:counter64;
         description
           "The number of packets discarded due to Layer 3 ACLs.";
       }
       container policer {
         description
           "The number of packets discarded due to policer
            violations.";
         uses basic-packets-bytes;
         container classes {
           presence "Per-class policer statistics are available.";
           description
             "Per-class policer discard counters.";
           uses class-list;
         }
       }
       leaf null-route {
         type yang:counter64;
         description
           "The number of packets discarded due to matching
            a null route.";
       }
       leaf rpf {
         type yang:counter64;
         description
           "The number of packets discarded due to failing
            Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) check.";
       }
       leaf ddos {



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         type yang:counter64;
         description
           "The number of packets discarded due to DDoS
            protection policies.";
       }
     }

     grouping discards {
       description
         "Discard counters.";
       container l2 {
         description
           "Layer 2 frame discard counters.";
         uses l2-traffic;
       }
       container l3 {
         description
           "Layer 3 packet discard counters.";
         uses l3-traffic;
       }
       container errors {
         description
           "Error discard counters.";
         uses errors;
       }
       container policy {
         description
           "Policy-related discard counters.";
         uses policy;
       }
       container no-buffer {
         description
           "Discard counters due to buffer unavailability.";
         uses qos;
       }
     }

     grouping policy {
       description
         "Policy-related discard counters.";
       container l2 {
         description
           "Layer 2 policy frame discard counters.";
         uses policy-l2;
       }
       container l3 {
         description
           "Layer 3 policy packet discard counters.";



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         uses policy-l3;
       }
     }

     grouping device {
       description
         "Device-level traffic and discard counters.";
       container traffic {
         description
           "Traffic counters.";
         uses traffic;
       }
       container discards {
         description
           "Discard counters.";
         uses discards;
       }
     }

     grouping interface {
       description
         "Interface-level traffic and discard counters.";
       list traffic {
         key "direction";
         description
           "Traffic counters.";
         leaf direction {
           type identityref {
             base direction;
           }
           description
             "Specifies a direction.";
         }
         uses traffic;
       }
       list discards {
         key "direction";
         description
           "Discard counters.";
         leaf direction {
           type identityref {
             base direction;
           }
           description
             "Specifies a direction.";
         }
         uses discards;
       }



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     }

     grouping control-plane {
       description
         "Control plane packet counters.";
       list traffic {
         key "direction";
         description
           "Total control plane packets.";
         leaf direction {
           type identityref {
             base direction;
           }
           description
             "Specifies a direction.";
         }
         uses basic-packets-bytes;
       }
       list discards {
         key "direction";
         description
           "Control plane packet discard counters.";
         leaf direction {
           type identityref {
             base direction;
           }
           description
             "Specifies a direction.";
         }
         uses basic-packets-bytes;
         container policy {
           description
             "Number of control plane packets discarded due to policy.";
           uses basic-packets;
         }
       }
     }
   }
   <CODE ENDS>

4.4.  "ietf-packet-discard-reporting-sx" YANG Module

   The "ietf-packet-discard-reporting-sx" module uses the "sx" structure
   defined in [RFC8791].







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   <CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-packet-discard-reporting-sx@2024-06-04.yang"
   module ietf-packet-discard-reporting-sx {
     yang-version 1.1;
     namespace
       "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-packet-discard-reporting-sx";
     prefix pdr-sx;

     import ietf-packet-discard-reporting-common {
       prefix pdr-common;
       reference
         "RFC XXXX: Information and Data Models for Packet Discard
                    Reporting";
     }
     import ietf-yang-structure-ext {
       prefix sx;
       reference
         "RFC 8791: YANG Data Structure Extensions";
     }

     organization
       "IETF OPSAWG (Operations and Management Area Working Group)";
     contact
       "WG Web:   https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/opsawg/
        WG List:  mailto:opsawg@ietf.org

        Author:   John Evans
                  <mailto:jevanamz@amazon.co.uk>

        Author:   Oleksandr Pylypenko
                  <mailto:opyl@amazon.com>

        Author:   Jeffrey Haas
                  <mailto:jhaas@juniper.net>

        Author:   Aviran Kadosh
                  <mailto:akadosh@cisco.com>

        Author:   Mohamed Boucadair
                  <mailto:mohamed.boucadair@orange.com>";
     description
       "This module defines an information model for packet discard
        reporting.

        Copyright (c) 2026 IETF Trust and the persons identified as
        authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

        Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
        without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject



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        to the license terms contained in, the Revised BSD License
        set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
        Relating to IETF Documents
        (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

        All revisions of IETF and IANA published modules can be found
        at the YANG Parameters registry group
        (https://www.iana.org/assignments/yang-parameters).

        This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see
        the RFC itself for full legal notices.";

     revision 2024-06-04 {
       description
         "Initial revision.";
       reference
         "RFC XXXX: Information and Data Models for Packet Discard
                    Reporting";
     }

     /*
      * Main structure definition
      */

     sx:structure packet-discard-reporting {
       description
         "Specifies the abstract structure of packet discard
          reporting data.";
       container control-plane {
         if-feature "pdr-common:control-plane-stats";
         description
           "Control plane packet counters.";
         uses pdr-common:control-plane;
       }
       list interface {
         if-feature "pdr-common:interface-stats";
         key "name";
         description
           "Indicates a list of interfaces for which packet
            discard reporting data is provided.";
         leaf name {
           type string;
           description
             "Indicates the name of the interface.";
         }
         uses pdr-common:interface;
       }
       list flow {



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         if-feature "pdr-common:flow-reporting";
         key "direction";
         leaf direction {
           type identityref {
             base pdr-common:direction;
           }
           description
             "Specifies a direction.";
         }
         description
           "Flow packet counters.";
         uses pdr-common:device;
       }
       container device {
         if-feature "pdr-common:device-stats";
         description
           "Device level packet counters.";
         uses pdr-common:device;
       }
     }
   }
   <CODE ENDS>

5.  Data Model (DM)

   This DM implements the IM defined in Section 4 for the interface,
   device, and control-plane components.  It is a device model per
   Section 2.1 of [RFC8969].  Specifically, it is a device-local
   (network element) operational state model: counters are scoped to a
   single device (interfaces and control plane).

   The IM defines the abstract classification tree using YANG data
   structure extensions [RFC8791].  This DM imports that module and
   reuses the same groupings and hierarchy of components, directions,
   layers, and discard classes, attaching them via augment statements to
   existing YANG modules for routing, interfaces, and logical network
   elements.  The flow component is defined only in the IM for use by
   flow-oriented data models and are not instantiated in this DM.

5.1.  Structure

   There is a direct mapping between the IM components and their DM
   implementations, with each component in the hierarchy represented by
   corresponding YANG containers and leaf data nodes.  The abstract tree
   is shown in Figure 2.






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   module: ietf-packet-discard-reporting

     augment /rt:routing/rt:control-plane-protocols
               /rt:control-plane-protocol:
       +--ro discard-stats {control-plane-stats}?
          +--ro discard-order-capability*   identityref
          +--ro traffic* [direction]
          |  ...
          +--ro discards* [direction]
             ...
     augment /if:interfaces-state/if:interface/if:statistics:
       +--ro discard-order-capability*   identityref {interface-stats}?
       +--ro traffic* [direction] {interface-stats}?
       |  +--ro direction    identityref
       |  +--ro l2
       |  |  ...
       |  +--ro l3
       |  |  ...
       |  +--ro qos!
       |     +--ro class* [id]
       |        ...
       +--ro discards* [direction] {interface-stats}?
          +--ro direction    identityref
          +--ro l2
          |  ...
          +--ro l3
          |  ...
          +--ro errors
          |  +--ro l2
          |  |  ...
          |  +--ro l3
          |  |  ...
          |  +--ro internal
          |     ...
          +--ro policy
          |  +--ro l2
          |  |  ...
          |  +--ro l3
          |     ...
          +--ro no-buffer
             +--ro qos!
                +--ro class* [id]
                   ...
     augment /lne:logical-network-elements/lne:logical-network-element:
       +--ro discard-stats {device-stats}?
          +--ro discard-order-capability*   identityref
          +--ro traffic
          |  +--ro l2



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          |  |  ...
          |  +--ro l3
          |  |  ...
          |  +--ro qos!
          |     +--ro class* [id]
          |        ...
          +--ro discards
             +--ro l2
             |  ...
             +--ro l3
             |  ...
             +--ro errors
             |  +--ro l2
             |  |  ...
             |  +--ro l3
             |  |  ...
             |  +--ro internal
             |     ...
             +--ro policy
             |  +--ro l2
             |  |  ...
             |  +--ro l3
             |     ...
             +--ro no-buffer
                +--ro qos!
                   +--ro class* [id]
                      ...

                    Figure 2: Abstract DM Tree Structure

   The full tree structure is provided in Appendix D.

5.2.  Implementation Requirements

   The following requirements apply to the implementation of the DM and
   are intended to ensure consistent implementation across different
   vendors and platforms while allowing for platform-specific
   optimisations where needed.  While the model defines a comprehensive
   set of counters and statistics, implementations MAY support a subset
   of the defined features based on device capabilities and operational
   requirements.  However, implementations MUST clearly document which
   features are supported and how they map to the DM.

   Requirements 1-13 relate to packets forwarded or discarded by the
   device, while requirement 14 relates to packets destined for or
   originating from the device:





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   1.   All instances of Layer 2 frame or Layer 3 packet receipt,
        transmission, and discards MUST be accounted for.

   2.   All instances of Layer 2 frame or Layer 3 packet receipt,
        transmission, and discards SHOULD be attributed to the physical
        or logical interface of the device where they occur.  Where they
        cannot be attributed to the interface, they MUST be attributed
        to the device.

   3.   An individual frame MUST only be accounted for by either the
        Layer 2 traffic class or the Layer 2 discard classes within a
        single direction or context, i.e., ingress or egress or device.
        This is to avoid double counting.

   4.   An individual packet MUST only be accounted for by either the
        Layer 3 traffic class or the Layer 3 discard classes within a
        single direction or context, i.e., ingress or egress or device.
        This is to avoid double counting.

   5.   A frame accounted for at Layer 2 SHOULD NOT be accounted for at
        Layer 3 and vice versa.  An implementation MUST indicate which
        layers traffic and discards are counted against.  This is to
        avoid double counting.

   6.   The aggregate Layer 2 and Layer 3 traffic and discard classes
        SHOULD account for all underlying frames or packets received,
        transmitted, and discarded across all other classes.

   7.   The aggregate QoS traffic and no-buffer discard classes MUST
        account for all underlying packets received, transmitted, and
        discarded across all other classes.

   8.   In addition to the Layer 2 and Layer 3 aggregate classes, an
        individual discarded packet MUST only account against a single
        error, policy, or no-buffer discard subclass.

   9.   When there are multiple reasons for discarding a packet, the
        ordering of discard class reporting MUST be defined.  Typically,
        this can be exposed by an implementation by means of discard-
        order-capability.

   10.  If Diffserv [RFC2475] is not used, no-buffer discards SHOULD be
        reported as class[id="0"], which represents the default class.

   11.  When traffic is mirrored, the discard metrics MUST account for
        the original traffic rather than the reflected traffic.





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   12.  No-buffer discards can be realized differently with different
        memory architectures.  Whether a no-buffer discard is attributed
        to ingress or egress can differ accordingly.  For successful
        auto-mitigation, discards due to an egress interface congestion
        MUST be reportable on egress, while discards due to device-level
        congestion (e.g., due to exceeding the device forwarding rate)
        MUST be reportable on ingress.

   13.  When the ingress and egress headers differ, for example, at a
        tunnel endpoint, the discard class attribution MUST relate to
        the outer header at the point of discard.

   14.  Traffic to the device control plane has its own class.  However,
        traffic from the device control plane MUST be accounted for in
        the same way as other egress traffic.

5.3.  Usage Examples

   If all of the requirements listed in Section 5.2 are met, a "good"
   unicast IPv4 packet received would increment:

   *  interface/traffic[direction="ingress"]/l3/address-family-
      stat[address-family="ipv4"]/unicast/packets

   *  interface/traffic[direction="ingress"]/l3/address-family-
      stat[address-family="ipv4"]/unicast/bytes

   *  interface/traffic[direction="ingress"]/qos/class[id="0"]/packets

   *  interface/traffic[direction="ingress"]/qos/class[id="0"]/bytes

   A received unicast IPv6 packet discarded due to Hop Limit expiry
   would increment:

   *  interface/traffic[direction="ingress"]/l3/address-family-
      stat[address-family="ipv6"]/unicast/packets

   *  interface/traffic[direction="ingress"]/l3/address-family-
      stat[address-family="ipv6"]/unicast/bytes

   *  interface/discards[direction="ingress"]/l3/rx/ttl-expired/packets

   An IPv4 packet discarded on egress due to no buffers would increment:

   *  interface/discards[direction="egress"]/l3/address-family-
      stat[address-family="ipv4"]/unicast/packets





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   *  interface/discards[direction="egress"]/l3/address-family-
      stat[address-family="ipv4"]/unicast/bytes

   *  interface/discards[direction="egress"]/no-buffer/
      class[id="0"]/packets

   *  interface/discards[direction="egress"]/no-buffer/
      class[id="0"]/bytes

   A multicast IPv6 packet dropped due to RPF check failure would
   increment:

   *  interface/discards[direction="ingress"]/l3/address-family-
      stat[address-family="ipv6"]/multicast/packets

   *  interface/discards[direction="ingress"]/l3/address-family-
      stat[address-family="ipv6"]/multicast/bytes

   *  interface/discards[direction="ingress"]/policy/l3/rpf/packets

   A "good" Layer-2 frame received would increment:

   *  interface/traffic[direction="ingress"]/l2/frames

   *  interface/traffic[direction="ingress"]/l2/bytes

   *  interface/traffic[direction="ingress"]/qos/class[id="0"]/packets

   *  interface/traffic[direction="ingress"]/qos/class[id="0"]/bytes

5.4.  "ietf-packet-discard-reporting" YANG Module

   The "ietf-packet-discard-reporting" module imports "ietf-packet-
   discard-reporting-common", "ietf-netconf-acm" [RFC8341], "ietf-
   interfaces" [RFC8343], "ietf-routing" [RFC8349], and "ietf-logical-
   network-element" [RFC8530].

   <CODE BEGINS> file "ietf-packet-discard-reporting@2024-06-04.yang"
   module ietf-packet-discard-reporting {
     yang-version 1.1;
     namespace
       "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-packet-discard-reporting";
     prefix pdr;

     import ietf-packet-discard-reporting-common {
       prefix pdr-common;
       reference
         "RFC XXXX: Information and Data Models for Packet Discard



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                    Reporting";
     }
     import ietf-netconf-acm {
       prefix nacm;
       reference
         "RFC 8341: Network Configuration Access Control Model";
     }
     import ietf-interfaces {
       prefix if;
       reference
         "RFC 8343: A YANG Data Model for Interface Management";
     }
     import ietf-routing {
       prefix rt;
       reference
         "RFC 8349: A YANG Data Model for Routing Management
                    (NMDA Version)";
     }
     import ietf-logical-network-element {
       prefix lne;
       reference
         "RFC 8530: YANG Model for Logical Network Elements";
     }

     organization
       "IETF OPSAWG (Operations and Management Area Working Group)";
     contact
       "WG Web:   https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/opsawg/
        WG List:  mailto:opsawg@ietf.org

        Author:   John Evans
                  <mailto:jevanamz@amazon.co.uk>

        Author:   Oleksandr Pylypenko
                  <mailto:opyl@amazon.com>

        Author:   Jeffrey Haas
                  <mailto:jhaas@juniper.net>

        Author:   Aviran Kadosh
                  <mailto:akadosh@cisco.com>

        Author:   Mohamed Boucadair
                  <mailto:mohamed.boucadair@orange.com>";
     description
       "This module defines a data model for packet discard reporting.

        Copyright (c) 2026 IETF Trust and the persons identified as



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        authors of the code.  All rights reserved.

        Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or
        without modification, is permitted pursuant to, and subject
        to the license terms contained in, the Revised BSD License
        set forth in Section 4.c of the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions
        Relating to IETF Documents
        (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).

        All revisions of IETF and IANA published modules can be found
        at the YANG Parameters registry
        (https://www.iana.org/assignments/yang-parameters).

        This version of this YANG module is part of RFC XXXX; see the
        RFC itself for full legal notices.";

     revision 2025-03-03 {
       description
         "Initial revision.";
       reference
         "RFC XXXX: Information and Data Models for Packet Discard
                    Reporting";
     }

     /*
      * Features
      */

     feature control-plane-stats {
       description
         "Indicates support of control plane statistics on this
          device.";
     }

     feature interface-stats {
       description
         "Indicates support of interface statistics on this
          device.";
     }

     feature device-stats {
       description
         "Indicates support of global device statistics on this
          device.";
     }

     /*
      * Identities



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      */

     identity discard-class {
       description
         "Base identity to identify the discard class.";
     }

     identity layer2 {
       base discard-class;
       description
         "Indicates a Layer 2 discard.";
     }

     identity layer3 {
       base discard-class;
       description
         "Indicates a Layer 3 discard.";
     }

     identity internal {
       base discard-class;
       description
         "Indicates an internal discard.";
     }

     identity policy {
       base discard-class;
       description
         "Indicates a discard due to a policy.";
     }

     /*
      * Groupings
      */

     grouping discard-order-policy {
       description
         "Defines the implementation-specific precedence of discard
          classes when multiple discard reasons apply to a single
          packet.

          The list is ordered from highest to lowest precedence.";

       leaf-list discard-order-capability {
         type identityref {
           base discard-class;
         }
         config false;



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         description
           "The discard class identity that has this precedence.";
       }
     }

     /*
      * Main structure definition
      */

     augment "/rt:routing/rt:control-plane-protocols"
           + "/rt:control-plane-protocol" {
       if-feature "control-plane-stats";
       description
         "Adds control plane discard counters.";
       container discard-stats {
         nacm:default-deny-all;
         config false;
         description
           "List of control plane discard counters.";
         uses discard-order-policy;
         uses pdr-common:control-plane;
       }
     }
     augment "/if:interfaces-state/if:interface/if:statistics" {
       if-feature "interface-stats";
       nacm:default-deny-all;
       description
         "Adds packet discard reporting to the interface statistics.";
       uses discard-order-policy;
       uses pdr-common:interface;
     }
     augment "/lne:logical-network-elements"
           + "/lne:logical-network-element" {
       if-feature "device-stats";
       description
         "Adds device level packet counters.";

       container discard-stats {
         nacm:default-deny-all;
         config false;
         description
           "List of device level discard counters.";
         uses discard-order-policy;
         uses pdr-common:device;
       }
     }
   }
   <CODE ENDS>



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6.  Deployment Considerations Experience

   This section captures practical insights gained from implementing the
   model across multiple vendors' platforms, as guidance for future
   implementers and operators:

   1.  The number and granularity of discard classes defined in the IM
       represent a compromise.  It aims to provide sufficient detail to
       enable appropriate automated actions while avoiding excessive
       detail, which may hinder quick problem identification.
       Additionally, it helps to limit the quantity of data produced per
       interface, constraining the data volume and device CPU impacts.
       While further granularity is possible, the defined schema has
       generally proven to be sufficient for the task of mitigating
       unintended packet loss.

   2.  There are many possible ways to define the discard classification
       tree.  For example, an approach is to use a multi-rooted tree,
       rooted in each protocol.  Instead, a better approach is to define
       a tree where protocol discards and causal discard classes are
       accounted for orthogonally.  This decision reduces the number of
       combinations of classes and has proven sufficient for determining
       mitigation actions.

   3.  Platforms often account for the number of packets discarded where
       the TTL has expired (or IPv6 Hop Limit exceeded), and the device
       CPU has returned an ICMP Time Exceeded message [RFC4884].  There
       is typically a policer applied to limit the number of packets
       sent to the device CPU, however, which implicitly limits the rate
       of TTL discards that are processed.  One method to account for
       all packet discards due to TTL expired, even those that are
       dropped by a policer when being forwarded to the CPU, is to use
       accounting of all ingress packets received with TTL=1 as a proxy
       measure.

   4.  Where no route discards are implemented with a default null
       route, separate discard accounting is required for any explicit
       null routes configured in order to differentiate between
       interface/ingress/discards/policy/null-route/packets and
       interface/ingress/discards/errors/no-route/packets.

   5.  It is useful to account separately for transit packets discarded
       by ACLs or policers, and packets discarded by ACLs or policers
       which limit the number of packets to the device control plane.

   6.  It is not possible to identify a configuration error (e.g., when
       intended discards are unintended) with device discard metrics
       alone.  For example, additional context is needed to determine if



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       ACL discards are intended or due to a misconfigured ACL (i.e.,
       with configuration validation before deployment or by detecting a
       significant change in ACL discards after a configuration change
       compared to before).

   7.  Aggregate counters need to be able to deal with the possibility
       of discontinuities in the underlying counters.

   8.  While the classification tree is seven layers deep, a minimal
       implementation may only implement the top six layers.

7.  Implementation Status

   Note to RFC Editor: This section is to be removed before publication
   as an RFC.

   This section records the status of known implementations of the
   protocol defined by this specification at the time of posting of this
   Internet-Draft, and is based on a proposal described in RFC 7942.
   The description of implementations in this section is intended to
   assist the IETF in its decision processes in progressing drafts to
   RFCs.  Please note that the listing of any individual implementation
   here does not imply endorsement by the IETF.  Furthermore, no effort
   has been spent to verify the information presented here that was
   supplied by IETF contributors.  This is not intended as, and must not
   be construed to be, a catalog of available implementations or their
   features.  Readers are advised to note that other implementations may
   exist.

7.1.  Information Model Implementations

   The IM defined in Section 4 has been implemented or mapped on at
   least nine hardware platforms across four vendors, including:

   *  Broadcom: Trident, Tomahawk 1, Tomahawk 3, Tomahawk 5

   *  Cisco: Q200L

   *  Juniper: MX, PTX, QFX

   *  Marvell: TL7

7.2.  Data Model Implementations

   A YANG-compliant open-source SLAX script implements a subset of the
   DM defined in Section 5 for Juniper MX routers.  This implementation
   is available at:




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   *  https://github.com/o-pylypenko-aws/draft-ietf-opsawg-discardmodel-
      sample/ (https://github.com/o-pylypenko-aws/draft-ietf-opsawg-
      discardmodel-sample/)

   Operational experience from these implementations is reflected in the
   deployment considerations in Section 6.

8.  Security Considerations

8.1.  Information Model

   The IM defined in Section 4.4 specifies a YANG module using [RFC8791]
   data extensions.  As such, there are no additional security issues
   related to the YANG module that need to be considered.

   The "ietf-packet-discard-reporting-common" YANG module defines a set
   of identities, types, and groupings.  These nodes are intended to be
   reused by other YANG modules.  The module by itself does not expose
   any data nodes that are writable, data nodes that contain read-only
   state, or RPCs.  As such, there are no additional security issues
   related to the YANG module that need to be considered.

   Modules that use the groupings that are defined in this document
   should identify the corresponding security considerations.

8.2.  Data Model

   This section is modeled after the template described in Section 3.7
   of [I-D.ietf-netmod-rfc8407bis].

   The YANG module specified in Section 5.4 defines a data model that is
   designed to be accessed via YANG-based management protocols, such as
   NETCONF [RFC6241] and RESTCONF [RFC8040].  These YANG-based
   management protocols (1) have to use a secure transport layer (e.g.,
   SSH [RFC4252], TLS [RFC8446], and QUIC [RFC9000]) and (2) have to use
   mutual authentication.

   The Network Configuration Access Control Model (NACM) [RFC8341]
   provides the means to restrict access for particular NETCONF or
   RESTCONF users to a preconfigured subset of all available NETCONF or
   RESTCONF protocol operations and content.

   There are no particularly sensitive writable data nodes.








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   Some of the readable data nodes in this YANG module may be considered
   sensitive or vulnerable in some network environments.  It is thus
   important to control read access (e.g., via get, get-config, or
   notification) to these data nodes.  Specifically, the following
   subtrees and data nodes have particular sensitivities/
   vulnerabilities:

   Control-plane, interfaces, and devices:  Access to these data nodes
      would reveal information about the attacks to which an element is
      subject, misconfigurations, etc.

      Also, an attacker who can inject packets can infer the efficiency
      of its attack by monitoring (the increase of) some discard
      counters (e.g., policy) and adjust its attack strategy
      accordingly.

9.  IANA Considerations

   IANA is requested to register the following URI in the "ns"
   subregistry within the "IETF XML Registry" [RFC3688]:

      URI:  urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:ietf-packet-discard-reporting-common
      Registrant Contact:  The IESG.
      XML:  N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace.

      URI:  urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:ietf-packet-discard-reporting-sx
      Registrant Contact:  The IESG.
      XML:  N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace.

      URI:  urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:ietf-packet-discard-reporting
      Registrant Contact:  The IESG.
      XML:  N/A; the requested URI is an XML namespace.

   IANA is requested to register the following YANG module in the "YANG
   Module Names" subregistry [RFC6020] within the "YANG Parameters"
   registry:















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     Name:  ietf-packet-discard-reporting-common
     Namespace:
       urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:ietf-packet-discard-reporting-common
     Prefix:  pdr-common
     Maintained by IANA?  N
     Reference:  RFC XXXX

     Name:  ietf-packet-discard-reporting-sx
     Namespace:  urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:ietf-packet-discard-reporting-sx
     Prefix:  pdr-sx
     Maintained by IANA?  N
     Reference:  RFC XXXX

     Name:  ietf-packet-discard-reporting
     Namespace:  urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:ietf-packet-discard-reporting
     Prefix:  pdr
     Maintained by IANA?  N
     Reference:  RFC XXXX

10.  Contributors

   Nadav Chachmon
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   170 West Tasman Dr.
   San Jose, CA 95134
   United States of America
   Email: nchachmo@cisco.com

11.  Acknowledgments

   The content of this document has benefitted from feedback from JR
   Rivers, Ronan Waide, Chris DeBruin, and Marcos Sanz.

   Thanks to Benoît Claise, Joe Clarke, Tom Petch, Mahesh Jethanandani,
   Paul Aitken, and Randy Bush for the review and comments.

   Thanks to Ladislav Lhotka for the YANGDOCTORS review, Sergio Belotti
   for the OPSDIR review, and Satoru Matsushima for the INTDIR review.

12.  References

12.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.




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   [RFC3688]  Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3688, January 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3688>.

   [RFC6020]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for
              the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6020, October 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6020>.

   [RFC7950]  Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",
              RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7950>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8341]  Bierman, A. and M. Bjorklund, "Network Configuration
              Access Control Model", STD 91, RFC 8341,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8341, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8341>.

   [RFC8343]  Bjorklund, M., "A YANG Data Model for Interface
              Management", RFC 8343, DOI 10.17487/RFC8343, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8343>.

   [RFC8349]  Lhotka, L., Lindem, A., and Y. Qu, "A YANG Data Model for
              Routing Management (NMDA Version)", RFC 8349,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8349, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8349>.

   [RFC8530]  Berger, L., Hopps, C., Lindem, A., Bogdanovic, D., and X.
              Liu, "YANG Model for Logical Network Elements", RFC 8530,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8530, March 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8530>.

   [RFC8791]  Bierman, A., Björklund, M., and K. Watsen, "YANG Data
              Structure Extensions", RFC 8791, DOI 10.17487/RFC8791,
              June 2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8791>.

   [RFC9911]  Schönwälder, J., Ed., "Common YANG Data Types", RFC 9911,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9911, December 2025,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9911>.

12.2.  Informative References






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   [gMNI]     "gRPC Network Management Interface, IETF 98, March 2017,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/98/materials/slides-
              98-rtgwg-gnmi-intro-draft-openconfig-rtgwg-gnmi-spec-00>",
              n.d..

   [I-D.ietf-netmod-rfc8407bis]
              Bierman, A., Boucadair, M., and Q. Wu, "Guidelines for
              Authors and Reviewers of Documents Containing YANG Data
              Models", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
              netmod-rfc8407bis-28, 5 June 2025,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-netmod-
              rfc8407bis-28>.

   [RED93]    "Random Early Detection gateways for Congestion
              Avoidance", n.d..

   [RFC2475]  Blake, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Davies, E., Wang, Z.,
              and W. Weiss, "An Architecture for Differentiated
              Services", RFC 2475, DOI 10.17487/RFC2475, December 1998,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2475>.

   [RFC2827]  Ferguson, P. and D. Senie, "Network Ingress Filtering:
              Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source
              Address Spoofing", BCP 38, RFC 2827, DOI 10.17487/RFC2827,
              May 2000, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2827>.

   [RFC2863]  McCloghrie, K. and F. Kastenholz, "The Interfaces Group
              MIB", RFC 2863, DOI 10.17487/RFC2863, June 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2863>.

   [RFC3444]  Pras, A. and J. Schoenwaelder, "On the Difference between
              Information Models and Data Models", RFC 3444,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC3444, January 2003,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3444>.

   [RFC3704]  Baker, F. and P. Savola, "Ingress Filtering for Multihomed
              Networks", BCP 84, RFC 3704, DOI 10.17487/RFC3704, March
              2004, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3704>.

   [RFC3882]  Turk, D., "Configuring BGP to Block Denial-of-Service
              Attacks", RFC 3882, DOI 10.17487/RFC3882, September 2004,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3882>.

   [RFC4252]  Ylonen, T. and C. Lonvick, Ed., "The Secure Shell (SSH)
              Authentication Protocol", RFC 4252, DOI 10.17487/RFC4252,
              January 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4252>.





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   [RFC4884]  Bonica, R., Gan, D., Tappan, D., and C. Pignataro,
              "Extended ICMP to Support Multi-Part Messages", RFC 4884,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4884, April 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4884>.

   [RFC5635]  Kumari, W. and D. McPherson, "Remote Triggered Black Hole
              Filtering with Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding (uRPF)",
              RFC 5635, DOI 10.17487/RFC5635, August 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5635>.

   [RFC6241]  Enns, R., Ed., Bjorklund, M., Ed., Schoenwaelder, J., Ed.,
              and A. Bierman, Ed., "Network Configuration Protocol
              (NETCONF)", RFC 6241, DOI 10.17487/RFC6241, June 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6241>.

   [RFC7011]  Claise, B., Ed., Trammell, B., Ed., and P. Aitken,
              "Specification of the IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX)
              Protocol for the Exchange of Flow Information", STD 77,
              RFC 7011, DOI 10.17487/RFC7011, September 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7011>.

   [RFC7270]  Yourtchenko, A., Aitken, P., and B. Claise, "Cisco-
              Specific Information Elements Reused in IP Flow
              Information Export (IPFIX)", RFC 7270,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7270, June 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7270>.

   [RFC8040]  Bierman, A., Bjorklund, M., and K. Watsen, "RESTCONF
              Protocol", RFC 8040, DOI 10.17487/RFC8040, January 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8040>.

   [RFC8289]  Nichols, K., Jacobson, V., McGregor, A., Ed., and J.
              Iyengar, Ed., "Controlled Delay Active Queue Management",
              RFC 8289, DOI 10.17487/RFC8289, January 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8289>.

   [RFC8340]  Bjorklund, M. and L. Berger, Ed., "YANG Tree Diagrams",
              BCP 215, RFC 8340, DOI 10.17487/RFC8340, March 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8340>.

   [RFC8446]  Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
              Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8446>.

   [RFC8704]  Sriram, K., Montgomery, D., and J. Haas, "Enhanced
              Feasible-Path Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding", BCP 84,
              RFC 8704, DOI 10.17487/RFC8704, February 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8704>.



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   [RFC8955]  Loibl, C., Hares, S., Raszuk, R., McPherson, D., and M.
              Bacher, "Dissemination of Flow Specification Rules",
              RFC 8955, DOI 10.17487/RFC8955, December 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8955>.

   [RFC8956]  Loibl, C., Ed., Raszuk, R., Ed., and S. Hares, Ed.,
              "Dissemination of Flow Specification Rules for IPv6",
              RFC 8956, DOI 10.17487/RFC8956, December 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8956>.

   [RFC8969]  Wu, Q., Ed., Boucadair, M., Ed., Lopez, D., Xie, C., and
              L. Geng, "A Framework for Automating Service and Network
              Management with YANG", RFC 8969, DOI 10.17487/RFC8969,
              January 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8969>.

   [RFC9000]  Iyengar, J., Ed. and M. Thomson, Ed., "QUIC: A UDP-Based
              Multiplexed and Secure Transport", RFC 9000,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9000, May 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9000>.

   [RFC9117]  Uttaro, J., Alcaide, J., Filsfils, C., Smith, D., and P.
              Mohapatra, "Revised Validation Procedure for BGP Flow
              Specifications", RFC 9117, DOI 10.17487/RFC9117, August
              2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9117>.

Appendix A.  Where Do Packets Get Dropped?

   Understanding where packets are discarded in a network device is
   essential for interpreting discard signals and determining
   appropriate mitigation actions.  Figure 3 depicts an example of where
   and why packets may be discarded in a typical single-ASIC, shared-
   buffered type device.  While actual device architectures vary between
   vendors and platforms, with some using multiple ASICs, distributed
   forwarding, or different buffering architectures, this example
   illustrates the common processing stages where packets may be
   dropped.  The logical model for classifying and reporting discards
   remains consistent regardless of the underlying hardware
   architecture.

   Packets ingress on the left and egress on the right:











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                                +-----------+
                                |           |
                                |  Control  |
                                |  Plane    |
                                +---+---^---+
                           from_cpu |   | to_cpu
                                    |   |
          +-------------------------v---+---------------------+
          |                                                   |
      +---+---+  +----------+  +---------+  +----------+  +---+---+
      |       |  |          |  |         |  |          |  |       |
  Rx-->PHY/MAC+--> Ingress  +--> Buffers +--> Egress   +-->PHY/MAC+-> Tx
      |       |  | Pipeline |  |         |  | Pipeline |  |       |
      +-------+  +----------+  +---------+  +----------+  +-------+

  Unintended:
      error/rx/l2  error/l3/rx   no-buffer    error/l3/tx
                   error/l3/no-route
                   error/l3/rx/ttl-expired
                   error/internal
  Intended:
                   policy/acl                 policy/acl
                   policy/policer             policy/policer
                   policy/urpf
                   policy/null-route

              Figure 3: Example of where packets get dropped

   See Appendix B for examples of how these discard signals map to root
   causes and mitigation actions.

Appendix B.  Example Signal-to-mitigation Action Mapping

   The effectiveness of automated mitigation depends on correctly
   mapping discard signals to root causes and appropriate actions.
   Tables 1 and 2 give example discard signal-to-mitigation action
   mappings based on the features described in Section 3.














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   +================================+=============+==========+========+
   | DISCARD-CLASS                  | Discard     |DISCARD-  |DISCARD-|
   |                                | cause       |RATE      |DURATION|
   +================================+=============+==========+========+
   | ingress/discards/errors/l2/rx  | Upstream    |>Baseline |O(1min) |
   |                                | device or   |          |        |
   |                                | link error  |          |        |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------+
   | ingress/discards/errors/l3/rx/ | Tracert     |<=Baseline|        |
   | ttl-expired                    |             |          |        |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------+
   | ingress/discards/errors/l3/rx/ | Convergence |>Baseline | O(1s)  |
   | ttl-expired                    |             |          |        |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------+
   | ingress/discards/errors/l3/rx/ | Routing     |>Baseline |O(1min) |
   | ttl-expired                    | loop        |          |        |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------+
   | .*/policy/.*                   | Policy      |          |        |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------+
   | ingress/discards/errors/l3/no- | Convergence |>Baseline | O(1s)  |
   | route                          |             |          |        |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------+
   | ingress/discards/errors/l3/no- | Config      |>Baseline |O(1min) |
   | route                          | error       |          |        |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------+
   | ingress/discards/errors/l3/no- | Invalid     |>Baseline |O(10min)|
   | route                          | destination |          |        |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------+
   | ingress/discards/errors/       | Device      |>Baseline |O(1min) |
   | internal                       | errors      |          |        |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------+
   | egress/discards/no-buffer      | Congestion  |<=Baseline|        |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------+
   | egress/discards/no-buffer      | Congestion  |>Baseline |O(1min) |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------+

           Table 1: Example Signal-Cause-Mitigation Mapping (1)














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   +================================+=============+===================+
   | DISCARD-CLASS                  | Unintended? | Possible actions  |
   +================================+=============+===================+
   | ingress/discards/errors/l2/rx  |      Y      | Take upstream     |
   |                                |             | link or device    |
   |                                |             | out-of-service    |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+
   | ingress/discards/errors/l3/rx/ |      N      | no action         |
   | ttl-expired                    |             |                   |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+
   | ingress/discards/errors/l3/rx/ |      Y      | No action         |
   | ttl-expired                    |             |                   |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+
   | ingress/discards/errors/l3/rx/ |      Y      | Roll-back change  |
   | ttl-expired                    |             |                   |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+
   | .*/policy/.*                   |      N      | No action         |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+
   | ingress/discards/errors/l3/no- |      Y      | No action         |
   | route                          |             |                   |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+
   | ingress/discards/errors/l3/no- |      Y      | Roll-back change  |
   | route                          |             |                   |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+
   | ingress/discards/errors/l3/no- |      N      | Escalate to       |
   | route                          |             | operator          |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+
   | ingress/discards/errors/       |      Y      | Take device out-  |
   | internal                       |             | of-service        |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+
   | egress/discards/no-buffer      |      N      | No action         |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+
   | egress/discards/no-buffer      |      Y      | Bring capacity    |
   |                                |             | back into service |
   |                                |             | or move traffic   |
   +--------------------------------+-------------+-------------------+

           Table 2: Example Signal-Cause-Mitigation Mapping (2)

   The 'Baseline' in the 'DISCARD-RATE' column is both DISCARD-CLASS and
   network dependent.

Appendix C.  Full Information Model Tree

   The following YANG tree diagram shows the complete IM structure:






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   module: ietf-packet-discard-reporting-sx

     structure packet-discard-reporting:
       +-- control-plane {pdr-common:control-plane-stats}?
       |  +-- traffic* [direction]
       |  |  +-- direction    identityref
       |  |  +-- packets?     yang:counter64
       |  |  +-- bytes?       yang:counter64
       |  +-- discards* [direction]
       |     +-- direction    identityref
       |     +-- packets?     yang:counter64
       |     +-- bytes?       yang:counter64
       |     +-- policy
       |        +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       +-- interface* [name] {pdr-common:interface-stats}?
       |  +-- name        string
       |  +-- traffic* [direction]
       |  |  +-- direction    identityref
       |  |  +-- l2
       |  |  |  +-- frames?   yang:counter64
       |  |  |  +-- bytes?    yang:counter64
       |  |  +-- l3
       |  |  |  +-- address-family-stat* [address-family]
       |  |  |     +-- address-family    identityref
       |  |  |     +-- packets?          yang:counter64
       |  |  |     +-- bytes?            yang:counter64
       |  |  |     +-- unicast
       |  |  |     |  +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |  |  |     |  +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |  |  |     +-- multicast
       |  |  |     |  +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |  |  |     |  +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |  |  |     +-- broadcast
       |  |  |        +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |  |  |        +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |  |  +-- qos!
       |  |     +-- class* [id]
       |  |        +-- id         string
       |  |        +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |  |        +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |  +-- discards* [direction]
       |     +-- direction    identityref
       |     +-- l2
       |     |  +-- frames?   yang:counter64
       |     |  +-- bytes?    yang:counter64
       |     +-- l3
       |     |  +-- address-family-stat* [address-family]
       |     |     +-- address-family    identityref



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       |     |     +-- packets?          yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- bytes?            yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- unicast
       |     |     |  +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |     |     |  +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- multicast
       |     |     |  +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |     |     |  +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- broadcast
       |     |        +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |     |        +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |     +-- errors
       |     |  +-- l2
       |     |  |  +-- rx
       |     |  |  |  +-- frames?          yang:counter64
       |     |  |  |  +-- crc-error?       yang:counter64
       |     |  |  |  +-- invalid-mac?     yang:counter64
       |     |  |  |  +-- invalid-vlan?    yang:counter64
       |     |  |  |  +-- invalid-frame?   yang:counter64
       |     |  |  +-- tx
       |     |  |     +-- frames?   yang:counter64
       |     |  +-- l3
       |     |  |  +-- rx
       |     |  |  |  +-- packets?          yang:counter64
       |     |  |  |  +-- checksum-error?   yang:counter64
       |     |  |  |  +-- mtu-exceeded?     yang:counter64
       |     |  |  |  +-- invalid-packet?   yang:counter64
       |     |  |  +-- ttl-expired?     yang:counter64
       |     |  |  +-- no-route?        yang:counter64
       |     |  |  +-- invalid-sid?     yang:counter64
       |     |  |  +-- invalid-label?   yang:counter64
       |     |  |  +-- tx
       |     |  |     +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |     |  +-- internal
       |     |     +-- packets?        yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- parity-error?   yang:counter64
       |     +-- policy
       |     |  +-- l2
       |     |  |  +-- frames?   yang:counter64
       |     |  |  +-- acl?      yang:counter64
       |     |  +-- l3
       |     |     +-- packets?      yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- acl?          yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- policer
       |     |     |  +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |     |     |  +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |     |     |  +-- classes!
       |     |     |     +-- class* [id]



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       |     |     |        +-- id         string
       |     |     |        +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |     |     |        +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- null-route?   yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- rpf?          yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- ddos?         yang:counter64
       |     +-- no-buffer
       |        +-- qos!
       |           +-- class* [id]
       |              +-- id         string
       |              +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |              +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       +-- flow* [direction] {pdr-common:flow-reporting}?
       |  +-- direction    identityref
       |  +-- traffic
       |  |  +-- l2
       |  |  |  +-- frames?   yang:counter64
       |  |  |  +-- bytes?    yang:counter64
       |  |  +-- l3
       |  |  |  +-- address-family-stat* [address-family]
       |  |  |     +-- address-family    identityref
       |  |  |     +-- packets?          yang:counter64
       |  |  |     +-- bytes?            yang:counter64
       |  |  |     +-- unicast
       |  |  |     |  +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |  |  |     |  +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |  |  |     +-- multicast
       |  |  |     |  +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |  |  |     |  +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |  |  |     +-- broadcast
       |  |  |        +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |  |  |        +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |  |  +-- qos!
       |  |     +-- class* [id]
       |  |        +-- id         string
       |  |        +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |  |        +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |  +-- discards
       |     +-- l2
       |     |  +-- frames?   yang:counter64
       |     |  +-- bytes?    yang:counter64
       |     +-- l3
       |     |  +-- address-family-stat* [address-family]
       |     |     +-- address-family    identityref
       |     |     +-- packets?          yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- bytes?            yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- unicast
       |     |     |  +-- packets?   yang:counter64



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       |     |     |  +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- multicast
       |     |     |  +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |     |     |  +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- broadcast
       |     |        +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |     |        +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |     +-- errors
       |     |  +-- l2
       |     |  |  +-- rx
       |     |  |  |  +-- frames?          yang:counter64
       |     |  |  |  +-- crc-error?       yang:counter64
       |     |  |  |  +-- invalid-mac?     yang:counter64
       |     |  |  |  +-- invalid-vlan?    yang:counter64
       |     |  |  |  +-- invalid-frame?   yang:counter64
       |     |  |  +-- tx
       |     |  |     +-- frames?   yang:counter64
       |     |  +-- l3
       |     |  |  +-- rx
       |     |  |  |  +-- packets?          yang:counter64
       |     |  |  |  +-- checksum-error?   yang:counter64
       |     |  |  |  +-- mtu-exceeded?     yang:counter64
       |     |  |  |  +-- invalid-packet?   yang:counter64
       |     |  |  +-- ttl-expired?     yang:counter64
       |     |  |  +-- no-route?        yang:counter64
       |     |  |  +-- invalid-sid?     yang:counter64
       |     |  |  +-- invalid-label?   yang:counter64
       |     |  |  +-- tx
       |     |  |     +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |     |  +-- internal
       |     |     +-- packets?        yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- parity-error?   yang:counter64
       |     +-- policy
       |     |  +-- l2
       |     |  |  +-- frames?   yang:counter64
       |     |  |  +-- acl?      yang:counter64
       |     |  +-- l3
       |     |     +-- packets?      yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- acl?          yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- policer
       |     |     |  +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |     |     |  +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |     |     |  +-- classes!
       |     |     |     +-- class* [id]
       |     |     |        +-- id         string
       |     |     |        +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |     |     |        +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- null-route?   yang:counter64



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       |     |     +-- rpf?          yang:counter64
       |     |     +-- ddos?         yang:counter64
       |     +-- no-buffer
       |        +-- qos!
       |           +-- class* [id]
       |              +-- id         string
       |              +-- packets?   yang:counter64
       |              +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
       +-- device {pdr-common:device-stats}?
          +-- traffic
          |  +-- l2
          |  |  +-- frames?   yang:counter64
          |  |  +-- bytes?    yang:counter64
          |  +-- l3
          |  |  +-- address-family-stat* [address-family]
          |  |     +-- address-family    identityref
          |  |     +-- packets?          yang:counter64
          |  |     +-- bytes?            yang:counter64
          |  |     +-- unicast
          |  |     |  +-- packets?   yang:counter64
          |  |     |  +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
          |  |     +-- multicast
          |  |     |  +-- packets?   yang:counter64
          |  |     |  +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
          |  |     +-- broadcast
          |  |        +-- packets?   yang:counter64
          |  |        +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
          |  +-- qos!
          |     +-- class* [id]
          |        +-- id         string
          |        +-- packets?   yang:counter64
          |        +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
          +-- discards
             +-- l2
             |  +-- frames?   yang:counter64
             |  +-- bytes?    yang:counter64
             +-- l3
             |  +-- address-family-stat* [address-family]
             |     +-- address-family    identityref
             |     +-- packets?          yang:counter64
             |     +-- bytes?            yang:counter64
             |     +-- unicast
             |     |  +-- packets?   yang:counter64
             |     |  +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
             |     +-- multicast
             |     |  +-- packets?   yang:counter64
             |     |  +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
             |     +-- broadcast



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             |        +-- packets?   yang:counter64
             |        +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
             +-- errors
             |  +-- l2
             |  |  +-- rx
             |  |  |  +-- frames?          yang:counter64
             |  |  |  +-- crc-error?       yang:counter64
             |  |  |  +-- invalid-mac?     yang:counter64
             |  |  |  +-- invalid-vlan?    yang:counter64
             |  |  |  +-- invalid-frame?   yang:counter64
             |  |  +-- tx
             |  |     +-- frames?   yang:counter64
             |  +-- l3
             |  |  +-- rx
             |  |  |  +-- packets?          yang:counter64
             |  |  |  +-- checksum-error?   yang:counter64
             |  |  |  +-- mtu-exceeded?     yang:counter64
             |  |  |  +-- invalid-packet?   yang:counter64
             |  |  +-- ttl-expired?     yang:counter64
             |  |  +-- no-route?        yang:counter64
             |  |  +-- invalid-sid?     yang:counter64
             |  |  +-- invalid-label?   yang:counter64
             |  |  +-- tx
             |  |     +-- packets?   yang:counter64
             |  +-- internal
             |     +-- packets?        yang:counter64
             |     +-- parity-error?   yang:counter64
             +-- policy
             |  +-- l2
             |  |  +-- frames?   yang:counter64
             |  |  +-- acl?      yang:counter64
             |  +-- l3
             |     +-- packets?      yang:counter64
             |     +-- acl?          yang:counter64
             |     +-- policer
             |     |  +-- packets?   yang:counter64
             |     |  +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
             |     |  +-- classes!
             |     |     +-- class* [id]
             |     |        +-- id         string
             |     |        +-- packets?   yang:counter64
             |     |        +-- bytes?     yang:counter64
             |     +-- null-route?   yang:counter64
             |     +-- rpf?          yang:counter64
             |     +-- ddos?         yang:counter64
             +-- no-buffer
                +-- qos!
                   +-- class* [id]



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                      +-- id         string
                      +-- packets?   yang:counter64
                      +-- bytes?     yang:counter64

Appendix D.  Full Data Model Tree

   The following YANG tree diagram shows the complete DM structure:

   module: ietf-packet-discard-reporting

     augment /rt:routing/rt:control-plane-protocols
               /rt:control-plane-protocol:
       +--ro discard-stats {control-plane-stats}?
          +--ro discard-order-capability*   identityref
          +--ro traffic* [direction]
          |  +--ro direction    identityref
          |  +--ro packets?     yang:counter64
          |  +--ro bytes?       yang:counter64
          +--ro discards* [direction]
             +--ro direction    identityref
             +--ro packets?     yang:counter64
             +--ro bytes?       yang:counter64
             +--ro policy
                +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
     augment /if:interfaces-state/if:interface/if:statistics:
       +--ro discard-order-capability*   identityref {interface-stats}?
       +--ro traffic* [direction] {interface-stats}?
       |  +--ro direction    identityref
       |  +--ro l2
       |  |  +--ro frames?   yang:counter64
       |  |  +--ro bytes?    yang:counter64
       |  +--ro l3
       |  |  +--ro address-family-stat* [address-family]
       |  |     +--ro address-family    identityref
       |  |     +--ro packets?          yang:counter64
       |  |     +--ro bytes?            yang:counter64
       |  |     +--ro unicast
       |  |     |  +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
       |  |     |  +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
       |  |     +--ro multicast
       |  |     |  +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
       |  |     |  +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
       |  |     +--ro broadcast
       |  |        +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
       |  |        +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
       |  +--ro qos!
       |     +--ro class* [id]
       |        +--ro id         string



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       |        +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
       |        +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
       +--ro discards* [direction] {interface-stats}?
          +--ro direction    identityref
          +--ro l2
          |  +--ro frames?   yang:counter64
          |  +--ro bytes?    yang:counter64
          +--ro l3
          |  +--ro address-family-stat* [address-family]
          |     +--ro address-family    identityref
          |     +--ro packets?          yang:counter64
          |     +--ro bytes?            yang:counter64
          |     +--ro unicast
          |     |  +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
          |     |  +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
          |     +--ro multicast
          |     |  +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
          |     |  +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
          |     +--ro broadcast
          |        +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
          |        +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
          +--ro errors
          |  +--ro l2
          |  |  +--ro rx
          |  |  |  +--ro frames?          yang:counter64
          |  |  |  +--ro crc-error?       yang:counter64
          |  |  |  +--ro invalid-mac?     yang:counter64
          |  |  |  +--ro invalid-vlan?    yang:counter64
          |  |  |  +--ro invalid-frame?   yang:counter64
          |  |  +--ro tx
          |  |     +--ro frames?   yang:counter64
          |  +--ro l3
          |  |  +--ro rx
          |  |  |  +--ro packets?          yang:counter64
          |  |  |  +--ro checksum-error?   yang:counter64
          |  |  |  +--ro mtu-exceeded?     yang:counter64
          |  |  |  +--ro invalid-packet?   yang:counter64
          |  |  +--ro ttl-expired?     yang:counter64
          |  |  +--ro no-route?        yang:counter64
          |  |  +--ro invalid-sid?     yang:counter64
          |  |  +--ro invalid-label?   yang:counter64
          |  |  +--ro tx
          |  |     +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
          |  +--ro internal
          |     +--ro packets?        yang:counter64
          |     +--ro parity-error?   yang:counter64
          +--ro policy
          |  +--ro l2



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          |  |  +--ro frames?   yang:counter64
          |  |  +--ro acl?      yang:counter64
          |  +--ro l3
          |     +--ro packets?      yang:counter64
          |     +--ro acl?          yang:counter64
          |     +--ro policer
          |     |  +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
          |     |  +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
          |     |  +--ro classes!
          |     |     +--ro class* [id]
          |     |        +--ro id         string
          |     |        +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
          |     |        +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
          |     +--ro null-route?   yang:counter64
          |     +--ro rpf?          yang:counter64
          |     +--ro ddos?         yang:counter64
          +--ro no-buffer
             +--ro qos!
                +--ro class* [id]
                   +--ro id         string
                   +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
                   +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
     augment /lne:logical-network-elements/lne:logical-network-element:
       +--ro discard-stats {device-stats}?
          +--ro discard-order-capability*   identityref
          +--ro traffic
          |  +--ro l2
          |  |  +--ro frames?   yang:counter64
          |  |  +--ro bytes?    yang:counter64
          |  +--ro l3
          |  |  +--ro address-family-stat* [address-family]
          |  |     +--ro address-family    identityref
          |  |     +--ro packets?          yang:counter64
          |  |     +--ro bytes?            yang:counter64
          |  |     +--ro unicast
          |  |     |  +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
          |  |     |  +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
          |  |     +--ro multicast
          |  |     |  +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
          |  |     |  +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
          |  |     +--ro broadcast
          |  |        +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
          |  |        +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
          |  +--ro qos!
          |     +--ro class* [id]
          |        +--ro id         string
          |        +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
          |        +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64



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          +--ro discards
             +--ro l2
             |  +--ro frames?   yang:counter64
             |  +--ro bytes?    yang:counter64
             +--ro l3
             |  +--ro address-family-stat* [address-family]
             |     +--ro address-family    identityref
             |     +--ro packets?          yang:counter64
             |     +--ro bytes?            yang:counter64
             |     +--ro unicast
             |     |  +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
             |     |  +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
             |     +--ro multicast
             |     |  +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
             |     |  +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
             |     +--ro broadcast
             |        +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
             |        +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
             +--ro errors
             |  +--ro l2
             |  |  +--ro rx
             |  |  |  +--ro frames?          yang:counter64
             |  |  |  +--ro crc-error?       yang:counter64
             |  |  |  +--ro invalid-mac?     yang:counter64
             |  |  |  +--ro invalid-vlan?    yang:counter64
             |  |  |  +--ro invalid-frame?   yang:counter64
             |  |  +--ro tx
             |  |     +--ro frames?   yang:counter64
             |  +--ro l3
             |  |  +--ro rx
             |  |  |  +--ro packets?          yang:counter64
             |  |  |  +--ro checksum-error?   yang:counter64
             |  |  |  +--ro mtu-exceeded?     yang:counter64
             |  |  |  +--ro invalid-packet?   yang:counter64
             |  |  +--ro ttl-expired?     yang:counter64
             |  |  +--ro no-route?        yang:counter64
             |  |  +--ro invalid-sid?     yang:counter64
             |  |  +--ro invalid-label?   yang:counter64
             |  |  +--ro tx
             |  |     +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
             |  +--ro internal
             |     +--ro packets?        yang:counter64
             |     +--ro parity-error?   yang:counter64
             +--ro policy
             |  +--ro l2
             |  |  +--ro frames?   yang:counter64
             |  |  +--ro acl?      yang:counter64
             |  +--ro l3



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             |     +--ro packets?      yang:counter64
             |     +--ro acl?          yang:counter64
             |     +--ro policer
             |     |  +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
             |     |  +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
             |     |  +--ro classes!
             |     |     +--ro class* [id]
             |     |        +--ro id         string
             |     |        +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
             |     |        +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64
             |     +--ro null-route?   yang:counter64
             |     +--ro rpf?          yang:counter64
             |     +--ro ddos?         yang:counter64
             +--ro no-buffer
                +--ro qos!
                   +--ro class* [id]
                      +--ro id         string
                      +--ro packets?   yang:counter64
                      +--ro bytes?     yang:counter64

Authors' Addresses

   John Evans
   Amazon
   1 Principal Place, Worship Street
   London
   EC2A 2FA
   United Kingdom
   Email: jevanamz@amazon.co.uk


   Oleksandr Pylypenko
   Amazon
   410 Terry Ave N
   Seattle, WA 98109
   United States of America
   Email: opyl@amazon.com


   Jeffrey Haas
   Juniper Networks
   1133 Innovation Way
   Sunnyvale, CA 94089
   United States of America
   Email: jhaas@juniper.net






Evans, et al.             Expires 17 July 2026                 [Page 59]

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   Aviran Kadosh
   Cisco Systems, Inc.
   170 West Tasman Dr.
   San Jose, CA 95134
   United States of America
   Email: akadosh@cisco.com


   Mohamed Boucadair
   Orange
   France
   Email: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com







































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