



Media Over QUIC                                            S. Nandakumar
Internet-Draft                                                     Cisco
Intended status: Standards Track                             V. Vasiliev
Expires: 23 April 2026                                     I. Swett, Ed.
                                                                  Google
                                                        A. Frindell, Ed.
                                                                    Meta
                                                         20 October 2025


                       Media over QUIC Transport
                      draft-ietf-moq-transport-15

Abstract

   This document defines the core behavior for Media over QUIC Transport
   (MOQT), a media transport protocol designed to operate over QUIC and
   WebTransport, which have similar functionality.  MOQT allows a
   producer of media to publish data and have it consumed via
   subscription by a multiplicity of endpoints.  It supports
   intermediate content distribution networks and is designed for high
   scale and low latency distribution.

About This Document

   This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.

   The latest revision of this draft can be found at https://moq-
   wg.github.io/moq-transport/draft-ietf-moq-transport.html.  Status
   information for this document may be found at
   https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-moq-transport/.

   Discussion of this document takes place on the Media Over QUIC
   Working Group mailing list (mailto:moq@ietf.org), which is archived
   at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/moq/.  Subscribe at
   https://www.ietf.org/mailman/listinfo/moq/.

   Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
   https://github.com/moq-wg/moq-transport.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.







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   Copyright (c) 2025 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     1.1.  Motivation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
       1.1.1.  Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       1.1.2.  Leveraging QUIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       1.1.3.  Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
       1.1.4.  Relays  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     1.2.  Terms and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     1.3.  Stream Management Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     1.4.  Notational Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       1.4.1.  Location Structure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
       1.4.2.  Key-Value-Pair Structure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
       1.4.3.  Reason Phrase Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   2.  Object Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     2.1.  Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     2.2.  Subgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     2.3.  Groups  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       2.3.1.  Group IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
     2.4.  Track . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       2.4.1.  Track Naming  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
       2.4.2.  Malformed Tracks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14



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       2.4.3.  Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   3.  Sessions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     3.1.  Session establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       3.1.1.  WebTransport  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
       3.1.2.  QUIC  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
       3.1.3.  Connection URL  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     3.2.  Extension Negotiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17
     3.3.  Session initialization  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     3.4.  Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     3.5.  Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
     3.6.  Congestion Control  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
       3.6.1.  Bufferbloat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
       3.6.2.  Application-Limited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
       3.6.3.  Consistent Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   4.  Modularity  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   5.  Publishing and Retrieving Tracks  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     5.1.  Subscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
       5.1.1.  Subscription State Management . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
       5.1.2.  Subscription Filters  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  24
       5.1.3.  Joining an Ongoing Track  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     5.2.  Fetch State Management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
   6.  Namespace Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
     6.1.  Subscribing to Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
     6.2.  Publishing Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  27
   7.  Priorities  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     7.1.  Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  28
     7.2.  Scheduling Algorithm  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  29
     7.3.  Considerations for Setting Priorities . . . . . . . . . .  30
   8.  Relays  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     8.1.  Caching Relays  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
     8.2.  Forward Handling  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     8.3.  Multiple Publishers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
     8.4.  Subscriber Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  32
       8.4.1.  Graceful Subscriber Relay Switchover  . . . . . . . .  33
     8.5.  Publisher Interactions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  34
       8.5.1.  Graceful Publisher Network Switchover . . . . . . . .  35
       8.5.2.  Graceful Publisher Relay Switchover . . . . . . . . .  36
     8.6.  Relay Object Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
   9.  Control Messages  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
     9.1.  Request ID  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     9.2.  Parameters  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
       9.2.1.  Version Specific Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
     9.3.  CLIENT_SETUP and SERVER_SETUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  46
       9.3.1.  Setup Parameters  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
     9.4.  GOAWAY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  49
     9.5.  MAX_REQUEST_ID  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
     9.6.  REQUESTS_BLOCKED  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  50
     9.7.  REQUEST_OK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51



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     9.8.  REQUEST_ERROR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  51
     9.9.  SUBSCRIBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  53
     9.10. SUBSCRIBE_OK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
     9.11. SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  54
     9.12. UNSUBSCRIBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
     9.13. PUBLISH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  56
     9.14. PUBLISH_OK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  57
     9.15. PUBLISH_DONE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  58
     9.16. FETCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
       9.16.1.  Standalone Fetch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  60
       9.16.2.  Joining Fetches  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  61
       9.16.3.  Fetch Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  62
     9.17. FETCH_OK  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  64
     9.18. FETCH_CANCEL  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
     9.19. TRACK_STATUS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  65
     9.20. PUBLISH_NAMESPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  66
     9.21. PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  66
     9.22. PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_CANCEL  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
     9.23. SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  67
     9.24. UNSUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69
   10. Data Streams and Datagrams  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  69
     10.1.  Track Alias  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
     10.2.  Objects  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  70
       10.2.1.  Canonical Object Properties  . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
     10.3.  Datagrams  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  73
       10.3.1.  Object Datagram  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  74
     10.4.  Streams  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
       10.4.1.  Stream Cancellation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
       10.4.2.  Subgroup Header  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  76
       10.4.3.  Closing Subgroup Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  80
       10.4.4.  Fetch Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  82
     10.5.  Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  84
   11. Extension Headers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
     11.1.  Prior Group ID Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  86
     11.2.  Prior Object ID Gap  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  88
   12. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  89
     12.1.  Resource Exhaustion  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  89
     12.2.  Timeouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  89
     12.3.  Relay security considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  89
       12.3.1.  State maintenance  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  89
       12.3.2.  SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE with short prefixes  . . . . . .  90
   13. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  90
     13.1.  Authorization Token Alias Type . . . . . . . . . . . . .  90
     13.2.  Version Specific Parameters  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  91
     13.3.  Error Codes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  91
       13.3.1.  Session Termination Error Codes  . . . . . . . . . .  91
       13.3.2.  REQUEST_ERROR Codes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  93
       13.3.3.  PUBLISH_DONE Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  93



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       13.3.4.  Data Stream Reset Error Codes  . . . . . . . . . . .  94
   Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  94
   References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  95
     Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  95
     Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  96
   Appendix A.  Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  97
     A.1.  Since draft-ietf-moq-transport-14 . . . . . . . . . . . .  97
     A.2.  Since draft-ietf-moq-transport-13 . . . . . . . . . . . .  99
     A.3.  Since draft-ietf-moq-transport-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
     A.4.  Since draft-ietf-moq-transport-11 . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
     A.5.  Since draft-ietf-moq-transport-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

1.  Introduction

   Media Over QUIC Transport (MOQT) is a protocol that is optimized for
   the QUIC protocol [QUIC], either directly or via WebTransport
   [WebTransport], for the dissemination of media.  MOQT utilizes a
   publish/subscribe workflow in which producers of media publish data
   in response to subscription requests from a multiplicity of
   endpoints.  MOQT supports wide range of use-cases with different
   resiliency and latency (live, interactive) needs without compromising
   the scalability and cost effectiveness associated with content
   delivery networks.

   MOQT is a generic protocol designed to work in concert with multiple
   MoQ Streaming Formats.  These MoQ Streaming Formats define how
   content is encoded, packaged, and mapped to MOQT objects, along with
   policies for discovery and subscription.

   *  Section 2 describes the data model employed by MOQT.

   *  Section 3 covers aspects of setting up an MOQT session.

   *  Section 7 covers mechanisms for prioritizing subscriptions.

   *  Section 8 covers behavior at the relay entities.

   *  Section 9 covers how control messages are encoded on the wire.

   *  Section 10 covers how data messages are encoded on the wire.

1.1.  Motivation

   The development of MOQT is driven by goals in a number of areas -
   specifically latency, the robust feature set of QUIC and relay
   support.




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1.1.1.  Latency

   Latency is necessary to correct for variable network throughput.
   Ideally live content is consumed at the same bitrate it is produced.
   End-to-end latency would be fixed and only subject to encoding and
   transmission delays.  Unfortunately, networks have variable
   throughput, primarily due to congestion.  Attempting to deliver
   content encoded at a higher bitrate than the network can cause
   queuing along the path from producer to consumer.  The speed at which
   a protocol can detect and respond to congestion determines the
   overall latency.  TCP-based protocols are simple but are slow to
   detect congestion and suffer from head-of-line blocking.  Protocols
   utilizing UDP directly can avoid queuing, but the application is then
   responsible for the complexity of fragmentation, congestion control,
   retransmissions, receiver feedback, reassembly, and more.  One goal
   of MOQT is to achieve the best of both these worlds: leverage the
   features of QUIC to create a simple yet flexible low latency protocol
   that can rapidly detect and respond to congestion.

1.1.2.  Leveraging QUIC

   The parallel nature of QUIC streams can provide improvements in the
   face of loss.  A goal of MOQT is to design a streaming protocol to
   leverage the transmission benefits afforded by parallel QUIC streams
   as well exercising options for flexible loss recovery.

1.1.3.  Convergence

   Some live media architectures today have separate protocols for
   ingest and distribution, for example RTMP and HTTP based HLS or DASH.
   Switching protocols necessitates intermediary origins which re-
   package the media content.  While specialization can have its
   benefits, there are efficiency gains to be had in not having to re-
   package content.  A goal of MOQT is to develop a single protocol
   which can be used for transmission from contribution to distribution.
   A related goal is the ability to support existing encoding and
   packaging schemas, both for backwards compatibility and for
   interoperability with the established content preparation ecosystem.

1.1.4.  Relays

   An integral feature of a protocol being successful is its ability to
   deliver media at scale.  Greatest scale is achieved when third-party
   networks, independent of both the publisher and subscriber, can be
   leveraged to relay the content.  These relays must cache content for
   distribution efficiency while simultaneously routing content and
   deterministically responding to congestion in a multi-tenant network.
   A goal of MOQT is to treat relays as first-class citizens of the



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   protocol and ensure that objects are structured such that information
   necessary for distribution is available to relays while the media
   content itself remains opaque and private.

1.2.  Terms and Definitions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

   The following terms are used with the first letter capitalized.

   Application:  The entity using MOQT to transmit and receive data.

   Client:  The party initiating a Transport Session.

   Server:  The party accepting an incoming Transport Session.

   Endpoint:  A Client or Server.

   Peer:  The other endpoint than the one being described.

   Publisher:  An endpoint that handles subscriptions by sending
      requested Objects from the requested track.

   Subscriber:  An endpoint that subscribes to and receives tracks.

   Original Publisher:  The initial publisher of a given track.

   End Subscriber:  A subscriber that initiates a subscription and does
      not send the data on to other subscribers.

   Relay:  An entity that is both a Publisher and a Subscriber, is not
      the Original Publisher or End Subscriber, and conforms to all
      requirements in Section 8.

   Upstream:  In the direction of the Original Publisher.

   Downstream:  In the direction of the End Subscriber(s).

   Transport Session:  A raw QUIC connection or a WebTransport session.

   Stream:  A bidirectional or unidirectional bytestream provided by the
      QUIC transport or WebTransport.

   Congestion:  Packet loss and queuing caused by degraded or overloaded



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      networks.

   Group:  A temporal sequence of objects.  A group represents a join
      point in a track.  See (Section 2.3).

   Object:  An object is an addressable unit whose payload is a sequence
      of bytes.  Objects form the base element in the MOQT data model.
      See (Section 2.1).

   Track:  A track is a collection of groups.  See (Section 2.4).

1.3.  Stream Management Terms

   This document uses stream management terms described in [RFC9000],
   Section 1.3 including STOP_SENDING, RESET_STREAM and FIN.

1.4.  Notational Conventions

   This document uses the conventions detailed in ([RFC9000],
   Section 1.3) when describing the binary encoding.

   To reduce unnecessary use of bandwidth, variable length integers
   SHOULD be encoded using the least number of bytes possible to
   represent the required value.

1.4.1.  Location Structure

   Location identifies a particular Object in a Group within a Track.

   Location {
     Group (i),
     Object (i)
   }

                        Figure 1: Location structure

   In this document, a Location can be expressed in the form of
   {GroupID, ObjectID}, where GroupID and ObjectID indicate the Group ID
   and Object ID of the Location, respectively.  The constituent parts
   of any Location A can be referred to using A.Group or A.Object.

   Location A < Location B if:

   A.Group < B.Group || (A.Group == B.Group && A.Object < B.Object)







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1.4.2.  Key-Value-Pair Structure

   Key-Value-Pair is a flexible structure designed to carry key/value
   pairs in which the key is a variable length integer and the value is
   either a variable length integer or a byte field of arbitrary length.

   Key-Value-Pair is used in both the data plane and control plane, but
   is optimized for use in the data plane.

   Key-Value-Pair {
     Type (i),
     [Length (i),]
     Value (..)
   }

                       Figure 2: MOQT Key-Value-Pair

   *  Type: an unsigned integer, encoded as a varint, identifying the
      type of the value and also the subsequent serialization.

   *  Length: Only present when Type is odd.  Specifies the length of
      the Value field in bytes.  The maximum length of a value is 2^16-1
      bytes.  If an endpoint receives a length larger than the maximum,
      it MUST close the session with a Protocol Violation.

   *  Value: A single varint encoded value when Type is even, otherwise
      a sequence of Length bytes.

   If a receiver understands a Type, and the following Value or Length/
   Value does not match the serialization defined by that Type, the
   receiver MUST terminate the session with error code
   KEY_VALUE_FORMATTING_ERROR.

1.4.3.  Reason Phrase Structure

   Reason Phrase provides a way for the sender to encode additional
   diagnostic information about the error condition, where appropriate.

   Reason Phrase {
     Reason Phrase Length (i),
     Reason Phrase Value (..)
   }

   *  Reason Phrase Length: A variable-length integer specifying the
      length of the reason phrase in bytes.  The reason phrase length
      has a maximum value of 1024 bytes.  If an endpoint receives a
      length exceeding the maximum, it MUST close the session with a
      PROTOCOL_VIOLATION



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   *  Reason Phrase Value: Additional diagnostic information about the
      error condition.  The reason phrase value is encoded as UTF-8
      string and does not carry information, such as language tags, that
      would aid comprehension by any entity other than the one that
      created the text.

2.  Object Data Model

   MOQT has a hierarchical data model, comprised of tracks which contain
   groups, and groups that contain objects.  Inside of a group, the
   objects can be organized into subgroups.

   To give an example of how an application might use this data model,
   consider an application sending high and low resolution video using a
   codec with temporal scalability.  Each resolution is sent as a
   separate track to allow the subscriber to pick the appropriate
   resolution given the display environment and available bandwidth.
   Each independently coded sequence of pictures in a resolution is sent
   as a group as the first picture in the sequence can be used as a
   random access point.  This allows the client to join at the logical
   points where decoding of the media can start without needing
   information before the join points.  The temporal layers are sent as
   separate subgroups to allow the priority mechanism to favor lower
   temporal layers when there is not enough bandwidth to send all
   temporal layers.  Each frame of video is sent as a single object.

2.1.  Objects

   The basic data element of MOQT is an object.  An object is an
   addressable unit whose payload is a sequence of bytes.  All objects
   belong to a group, indicating ordering and potential dependencies
   (see Section 2.3).  An object is uniquely identified by its track
   namespace, track name, group ID, and object ID, and must be an
   identical sequence of bytes regardless of how or where it is
   retrieved.  An Object can become unavailable, but its contents MUST
   NOT change over time.

   Objects are comprised of two parts: metadata and a payload.  The
   metadata is never encrypted and is always visible to relays (see
   Section 8).  The payload portion may be encrypted, in which case it
   is only visible to the Original Publisher and End Subscribers.  The
   Original Publisher is solely responsible for the content of the
   object payload.  This includes the underlying encoding, compression,
   any end-to-end encryption, or authentication.  A relay MUST NOT
   combine, split, or otherwise modify object payloads.

   Objects within a Group are in ascending order by Object ID.




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2.2.  Subgroups

   A subgroup is a sequence of one or more objects from the same group
   (Section 2.3) in ascending order by Object ID.  Objects in a subgroup
   have a dependency and priority relationship consistent with sharing a
   stream and are sent on a single stream whenever possible.  A Group is
   delivered using at least as many streams as there are Subgroups,
   typically with a one-to-one mapping between Subgroups and streams.

   When a Track's forwarding preference (see Section 10.2.1) is
   "Datagram", Objects are not sent in Subgroups and the description in
   the remainder of this section does not apply.

   Streams offer in-order reliable delivery and the ability to cancel
   sending and retransmission of data.  Furthermore, many QUIC and
   WebTransport implementations offer the ability to control the
   relative scheduling priority of pending stream data.

   Every object within a Group belongs to exactly one Subgroup.

   When Objects are sent in a subscription (see Section 5.1), Objects
   from two subgroups MUST NOT be sent on the same stream, and Objects
   from the same Subgroup MUST NOT be sent on different streams, unless
   one of the streams was reset prematurely, or upstream conditions have
   forced objects from a Subgroup to be sent out of Object ID order.

   Original publishers assign each Subgroup a Subgroup ID, and do so as
   they see fit.  The scope of a Subgroup ID is a Group, so Subgroups
   from different Groups MAY share a Subgroup ID without implying any
   relationship between them.  In general, publishers assign objects to
   subgroups in order to leverage the features of streams as described
   above.

   In general, if Object B is dependent on Object A, then delivery of B
   can follow A, i.e. A and B can be usefully delivered over a single
   stream.  If an Object is dependent on all previous Objects in a
   Subgroup, it likely fits best in that Subgroup.  If an Object is not
   dependent on any of the Objects in a Subgroup, it likely belongs in a
   different Subgroup.

   When assigning Objects to different Subgroups, the Original Publisher
   makes a reasonable tradeoff between having an optimal mapping of
   Object relationships in a Group and minimizing the number of streams
   used.







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2.3.  Groups

   A group is a collection of Objects and is a sub-unit of a Track
   (Section 2.4).  Groups SHOULD be independently useful, so Objects
   within a Group SHOULD NOT depend on Objects in other Groups.  A Group
   provides a join point for subscriptions, so a subscriber that does
   not want to receive the entire Track can opt to receive only Groups
   starting from a given Group ID.  Groups can contain any number of
   Objects.

2.3.1.  Group IDs

   Within a track, the original publisher SHOULD publish Group IDs which
   increase with time (where "time" is defined according to the internal
   clock of the media being sent).  In some cases, Groups will be
   produced in increasing order, but sent to subscribers in a different
   order, for example when the subscription's Group Order is Descending.
   Due to network reordering and the partial reliability features of
   MOQT, Groups can always be received out of order.

   As a result, subscribers cannot infer the existence of a Group until
   an object in the Group is received.  This can create gaps in a cache
   that can be filled by doing a Fetch upstream, if necessary.

   Applications that cannot produce Group IDs that increase with time
   are limited to the subset of MOQT that does not compare group IDs.
   Subscribers to these Tracks SHOULD NOT use range filters which span
   multiple Groups in FETCH or SUBSCRIBE.  SUBSCRIBE and FETCH delivery
   use Group Order, so they could have an unexpected delivery order if
   Group IDs do not increase with time.

   The amount of time elapsed between publishing an Object in Group ID N
   and in a Group ID > N, or even which will be published first, is not
   defined by this specification and is defined by the applications
   using MOQT.

2.4.  Track

   A track is a sequence of groups (Section 2.3).  It is the entity
   against which a subscriber issues a subscription request.  A
   subscriber can request to receive individual tracks starting at a
   group boundary, including any new objects pushed by the publisher
   while the track is active.

2.4.1.  Track Naming

   In MOQT, every track is identified by a Full Track Name, consisting
   of a Track Namespace and a Track Name.



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   Track Namespace is an ordered set of between 1 and 32 Track Namespace
   Fields, encoded as follows:

   Track Namespace {
     Number of Track Namespace Fields (i),
     Track Namespace Field (..) ...
   }

   *  Number of Track Namespace Fields: A variable-length integer
      specifying the number of Track Namespace Fields in the Track
      Namespace.

   Each Track Namespace Field is encoded as follows:

   Track Namespace Field {
     Track Namespace Field Length (i),
     Track Namespace Field Value (..)
   }

   *  Track Namespace Field Length: A variable-length integer specifying
      the length of the Track Namespace Field in bytes.

   *  Track Namespace Field Value: A sequence of bytes that forms a
      Track Namespace Field.

   The structured nature of Track Namespace allows relays and
   applications to manipulate prefixes of a namespace.  If an endpoint
   receives a Track Namespace consisting of 0 or greater than 32 Track
   Namespace Fields, it MUST close the session with a
   PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

   Track Name is a sequence of bytes that identifies an individual track
   within the namespace.

   The maximum total length of a Full Track Name is 4,096 bytes.  The
   length of a Full Track Name is computed as the sum of the Track
   Namespace Field Length fields and the Track Name Length field.  If an
   endpoint receives a Full Track Name exceeding this length, it MUST
   close the session with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.












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   In this specification, both the Track Namespace Fields and the Track
   Name are not constrained to a specific encoding.  They carry a
   sequence of bytes and comparison between two Track Namespace Fields
   or Track Names is done by exact comparison of the bytes.
   Specifications that use MOQT may constrain the information in these
   fields, for example by restricting them to UTF-8.  Any such
   specification needs to specify the canonicalization into the bytes in
   the Track Namespace Fields or Track Name such that exact comparison
   works.

2.4.2.  Malformed Tracks

   There are multiple ways a publisher can transmit a Track that does
   not conform to MOQT constraints.  Such a Track is considered
   malformed.  Some example conditions that constitute a malformed track
   when detected by a receiver include:

   1.  An Object is received in a FETCH response with the same Group as
       the previous Object, but whose Object ID is not strictly larger
       than the previous object.

   2.  An Object is received in an Ascending FETCH response whose Group
       ID is smaller than the previous Object in the response.

   3.  An Object is received in a Descending FETCH response whose Group
       ID is larger than the previous Object in the resopnse.

   4.  An Object is received whose Object ID is larger than the final
       Object in the Subgroup.  The final Object in a Subgroup is the
       last Object received on a Subgroup stream before a FIN.

   5.  A Subgroup is received over multiple transport streams terminated
       by FIN with different final Objects.

   6.  An Object is received in a Group whose Object ID is larger than
       the final Object in the Group.  The final Object in a Group is
       the Object with Status END_OF_GROUP or the last Object sent in a
       FETCH that requested the entire Group.

   7.  An Object is received on a Track whose Group and Object ID are
       larger than the final Object in the Track.  The final Object in a
       Track is the Object with Status END_OF_TRACK or the last Object
       sent in a FETCH whose response indicated End of Track.

   8.  The same Object is received more than once with different Payload
       or other immutable properties.





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   9.  An Object is received with a different Forwarding Preference than
       previously observed from the same Track.

   The above list of conditions is not considered exhaustive.

   When a subscriber detects a Malformed Track, it MUST UNSUBSCRIBE any
   subscription and FETCH_CANCEL any fetch for that Track from that
   publisher, and SHOULD deliver an error to the application.  If a
   relay detects a Malformed Track, it MUST immediately terminate
   downstream subscriptions with PUBLISH_DONE and reset any fetch
   streams with Status Code MALFORMED_TRACK.  Object(s) triggering
   Malformed Track status MUST NOT be cached.

2.4.3.  Scope

   An MOQT scope is a set of servers (as identified by their connection
   URIs) for which a Full Track Name is guaranteed to be unique and
   identify a specific track.  It is up to the application using MOQT to
   define how broad or narrow the scope is.  An application that deals
   with connections between devices on a local network may limit the
   scope to a single connection; by contrast, an application that uses
   multiple CDNs to serve media may require the scope to include all of
   those CDNs.

   Because each Full Track Name is unique within an MOQT scope, they can
   be used as a cache key for the track.  If, at a given moment in time,
   two tracks within the same scope contain different data, they MUST
   have different names and/or namespaces.  MOQT provides subscribers
   with the ability to alter the specific manner in which tracks are
   delivered via Parameters, but the actual content of the tracks does
   not depend on those parameters; this is in contrast to protocols like
   HTTP, where request headers can alter the server response.

   A publisher that loses state (e.g. crashes) and intends to resume
   publishing on the same Track risks colliding with previously
   published Objects and violating the above requirements.  A publisher
   can handle this in application specific ways, for example:

   1.  Select a unique Track Name or Track Namespace whenever it resumes
       publishing.  For example, it can base one of the Namespace Fields
       on the current time, or select a sufficiently large random value.

   2.  Resume publishing under a previous Track Name and Namespace and
       set the initial Group ID to a unique value guaranteed to be
       larger than all previously used groups.  This can be done by
       choosing a Group ID based on the current time.





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   3.  Use TRACK_STATUS or similar mechanism to query the previous state
       to determine the largest published Group ID.

3.  Sessions

3.1.  Session establishment

   This document defines a protocol that can be used interchangeably
   both over a QUIC connection directly [QUIC], and over WebTransport
   [WebTransport].  Both provide streams and datagrams with similar
   semantics (see [I-D.ietf-webtrans-overview], Section 4); thus, the
   main difference lies in how the servers are identified and how the
   connection is established.  The QUIC DATAGRAM extension ([RFC9221])
   MUST be supported and negotiated in the QUIC connection used for
   MOQT, which is already a requirement for WebTransport over HTTP/3.
   The RESET_STREAM_AT [I-D.draft-ietf-quic-reliable-stream-reset]
   extension to QUIC can be used by MOQT, but the protocol is also
   designed to work correctly when the extension is not supported.

   There is no definition of the protocol over other transports, such as
   TCP, and applications using MoQ might need to fallback to another
   protocol when QUIC or WebTransport aren't available.

   MOQT uses ALPN in QUIC and "WT-Available-Protocols" in WebTransport
   ([WebTransport], Section 3.4) to perform version negotiation.

   [[RFC editor: please remove the remainder of this section before
   publication.]]

   The ALPN value [RFC7301] for the final version of this specification
   is moqt.  ALPNs used to identify IETF drafts are created by appending
   the draft number to "moqt-".  For example, draft-ietf-moq-
   transport-13 would be identified as "moqt-13".

   Note: Draft versions prior to -15 all used moq-00 ALPN, followed by
   version negotiation in the CLIENT_SETUP and SERVER_SETUP messages.

3.1.1.  WebTransport

   An MOQT server that is accessible via WebTransport can be identified
   using an HTTPS URI ([RFC9110], Section 4.2.2).  An MOQT session can
   be established by sending an extended CONNECT request to the host and
   the path indicated by the URI, as described in ([WebTransport],
   Section 3).







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3.1.2.  QUIC

   An MOQT server that is accessible via native QUIC can be identified
   by a URI with a "moqt" scheme.  The "moqt" URI scheme is defined as
   follows, using definitions from [RFC3986]:

   moqt-URI = "moqt" "://" authority path-abempty [ "?" query ]

   The authority portion MUST NOT contain an empty host portion.  The
   moqt URI scheme supports the /.well-known/ path prefix defined in
   [RFC8615].

   This protocol does not specify any semantics on the path-abempty and
   query portions of the URI.  The contents of those are left up to the
   application.

   The client can establish a connection to an MOQT server identified by
   a given URI by setting up a QUIC connection to the host and port
   identified by the authority section of the URI.  The authority, path-
   abempty and query portions of the URI are also transmitted in SETUP
   parameters (see Section 9.3.1).  If the port is omitted in the URI, a
   default port of 443 is used for setting up the QUIC connection.

3.1.3.  Connection URL

   Each track MAY have one or more associated connection URLs specifying
   network hosts through which a track may be accessed.  The syntax of
   the Connection URL and the associated connection setup procedures are
   specific to the underlying transport protocol usage (see Section 3).

3.2.  Extension Negotiation

   Endpoints use the exchange of Setup messages to negotiate any MOQT
   extensions to use.

   The client includes all Setup Parameters Section 9.3.1 required for
   the negotiated MOQT version in CLIENT_SETUP.

   Within any MOQT version, clients request the use of extensions by
   adding Setup parameters corresponding to that extension.  No
   extensions are defined in this document.

   The server replies with a SERVER_SETUP message that includes all
   parameters required for a handshake in that version, and parameters
   for every extension requested by the client that it supports.






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   New versions of MOQT MUST specify which existing extensions can be
   used with that version.  New extensions MUST specify the existing
   versions with which they can be used.

   If a given parameter carries the same information in multiple
   versions, but might have different optimal values in those versions,
   there SHOULD be separate Setup parameters for that information in
   each version.

3.3.  Session initialization

   The first stream opened is a client-initiated bidirectional control
   stream where the endpoints exchange Setup messages (Section 9.3),
   followed by other messages defined in Section 9.

   This specification only specifies a single use of bidirectional
   streams.  Objects are sent on unidirectional streams.  Because there
   are no other uses of bidirectional streams, a peer MAY close the
   session as a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION if it receives a second bidirectional
   stream.

   The control stream MUST NOT be closed at the underlying transport
   layer during the session's lifetime.  Doing so results in the session
   being closed as a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

3.4.  Termination

   The Transport Session can be terminated at any point.  When native
   QUIC is used, the session is closed using the CONNECTION_CLOSE frame
   ([QUIC], Section 19.19).  When WebTransport is used, the session is
   closed using the CLOSE_WEBTRANSPORT_SESSION capsule ([WebTransport],
   Section 6).

   When terminating the Session, the application MAY use any error
   message and SHOULD use a relevant code, as defined below:

   NO_ERROR (0x0):  The session is being terminated without an error.

   INTERNAL_ERROR (0x1):  An implementation specific error occurred.

   UNAUTHORIZED (0x2):  The client is not authorized to establish a
      session.

   PROTOCOL_VIOLATION (0x3):  The remote endpoint performed an action
      that was disallowed by the specification.

   INVALID_REQUEST_ID (0x4):  The session was closed because the




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      endpoint used a Request ID that was smaller than or equal to a
      previously received request ID, or the least- significant bit of
      the request ID was incorrect for the endpoint.

   DUPLICATE_TRACK_ALIAS (0x5):  The endpoint attempted to use a Track
      Alias that was already in use.

   KEY_VALUE_FORMATTING_ERROR (0x6):  The key-value pair has a
      formatting error.

   TOO_MANY_REQUESTS (0x7):  The session was closed because the endpoint
      used a Request ID equal to or larger than the current Maximum
      Request ID.

   INVALID_PATH (0x8):  The PATH parameter was used by a server, on a
      WebTransport session, or the server does not support the path.

   MALFORMED_PATH (0x9):  The PATH parameter does not conform to the
      rules in Section 9.3.1.2.

   GOAWAY_TIMEOUT (0x10):  The session was closed because the peer took
      too long to close the session in response to a GOAWAY
      (Section 9.4) message.  See session migration (Section 3.5).

   CONTROL_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT (0x11):  The session was closed because the
      peer took too long to respond to a control message.

   DATA_STREAM_TIMEOUT (0x12):  The session was closed because the peer
      took too long to send data expected on an open Data Stream (see
      Section 10).  This includes fields of a stream header or an object
      header within a data stream.  If an endpoint times out waiting for
      a new object header on an open subgroup stream, it MAY send a
      STOP_SENDING on that stream or terminate the subscription.

   AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_OVERFLOW (0x13):  The Session limit Section 9.3.1.4
      of the size of all registered Authorization tokens has been
      exceeded.

   DUPLICATE_AUTH_TOKEN_ALIAS (0x14):  Authorization Token attempted to
      register an Alias that was in use (see Section 9.2.1.1).

   VERSION_NEGOTIATION_FAILED (0x15):  The client didn't offer a version
      supported by the server.

   MALFORMED_AUTH_TOKEN (0x16):  Invalid Auth Token serialization during
      registration (see Section 9.2.1.1).

   UNKNOWN_AUTH_TOKEN_ALIAS (0x17):  No registered token found for the



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      provided Alias (see Section 9.2.1.1).

   EXPIRED_AUTH_TOKEN (0x18):  Authorization token has expired
      (Section 9.2.1.1).

   INVALID_AUTHORITY (0x19):  The specified AUTHORITY does not
      correspond to this server or cannot be used in this context.

   MALFORMED_AUTHORITY (0x1A):  The AUTHORITY value is syntactically
      invalid.

   An endpoint MAY choose to treat a subscription or request specific
   error as a session error under certain circumstances, closing the
   entire session in response to a condition with a single subscription
   or message.  Implementations need to consider the impact on other
   outstanding subscriptions before making this choice.

3.5.  Migration

   MOQT requires a long-lived and stateful session.  However, a service
   provider needs the ability to shutdown/restart a server without
   waiting for all sessions to drain naturally, as that can take days
   for long-form media.  MOQT enables proactively draining sessions via
   the GOAWAY message (Section 9.4).

   The server sends a GOAWAY message, signaling the client to establish
   a new session and migrate any Established subscriptions.  The GOAWAY
   message optionally contains a new URI for the new session, otherwise
   the current URI is reused.  The server SHOULD terminate the session
   with GOAWAY_TIMEOUT after a sufficient timeout if there are still
   open subscriptions or fetches on a connection.

   When the server is a subscriber, it SHOULD send a GOAWAY message to
   downstream subscribers prior to any UNSUBSCRIBE messages to upstream
   publishers.

   After the client receives a GOAWAY, it's RECOMMENDED that the client
   waits until there are no more Established subscriptions before
   closing the session with NO_ERROR.  Ideally this is transparent to
   the application using MOQT, which involves establishing a new session
   in the background and migrating Established subscriptions and
   published namespaces.  The client can choose to delay closing the
   session if it expects more OBJECTs to be delivered.  The server
   closes the session with a GOAWAY_TIMEOUT if the client doesn't close
   the session quickly enough.






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3.6.  Congestion Control

   MOQT does not specify a congestion controller, but there are
   important attributes to consider when selecting a congestion
   controller for use with an application built on top of MOQT.

3.6.1.  Bufferbloat

   Traditional AIMD congestion controllers (ex.  CUBIC [RFC9438] and
   Reno [RFC6582]) are prone to Bufferbloat.  Bufferbloat occurs when
   elements along the path build up a substantial queue of packets,
   commonly more than doubling the round trip time.  These queued
   packets cause head-of-line blocking and latency, even when there is
   no packet loss.

3.6.2.  Application-Limited

   The average bitrate for latency sensitive content needs to be less
   than the available bandwidth, otherwise data will be queued and/or
   dropped.  As such, many MOQT applications will typically be limited
   by the available data to send, and not the congestion controller.
   Many congestion control algorithms only increase the congestion
   window or bandwidth estimate if fully utilized.  This combination can
   lead to underestimating the available network bandwidth.  As a
   result, applications might need to periodically ensure the congestion
   controller is not app-limited for at least a full round trip to
   ensure the available bandwidth can be measured.

3.6.3.  Consistent Throughput

   Congestion control algorithms are commonly optimized for throughput,
   not consistency.  For example, BBR's PROBE_RTT state halves the
   sending rate for more than a round trip in order to obtain an
   accurate minimum RTT.  Similarly, Reno halves it's congestion window
   upon detecting loss.  In both cases, the large reduction in sending
   rate might cause issues with latency sensitive applications.

4.  Modularity

   MOQT defines all messages necessary to implement both simple
   publishing or subscribing endpoints as well as highly functional
   Relays.  Non-Relay endpoints MAY implement only the subset of
   functionality required to perform necessary tasks.  For example, a
   limited media player could operate using only SUBSCRIBE related
   messages.  Limited endpoints SHOULD respond to any unsupported
   messages with the appropriate NOT_SUPPORTED error code, rather than
   ignoring them.




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   Relays MUST implement all MOQT messages defined in this document, as
   well as processing rules described in Section 8.

5.  Publishing and Retrieving Tracks

5.1.  Subscriptions

   All subscriptions begin in the Idle state.  A subscription can be
   initiated and moved to the Pending state by either a publisher or a
   subscriber.  A publisher initiates a subscription to a track by
   sending the PUBLISH message.  The subscriber either accepts or
   rejects the subscription using PUBLISH_OK or REQUEST_ERROR.  A
   subscriber initiates a subscription to a track by sending the
   SUBSCRIBE message.  The publisher either accepts or rejects the
   subscription using SUBSCRIBE_OK or REQUEST_ERROR.  Once either of
   these sequences is successful, the subscription moves to the
   Established state and can be updated by the subscriber using
   SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE.  Either endpoint can terminate an Established
   subscription, moving it to the Terminated state.  The subscriber
   terminates a subscription using UNSUBSCRIBE, the publisher terminates
   a subscription using PUBLISH_DONE.

   This diagram shows the subscription state machine:

   +--------+ | Idle | +--------+ | | SUBSCRIBE | | PUBLISH
   (subscriber)| | (publisher) V V +--------------+ +--------------+ |
   Pending | | Pending | +----| (Subscriber) | | (Publisher) |----+ |
   +--------------+ +--------------+ | | | | | REQUEST_ERROR |
   SUBSCRIBE_OK | | PUBLISH_OK | REQUEST_ERROR | (publisher)| |
   (subscriber) | | V V | | +-------------+ | | | Established |
   ------+ | | | | SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE | +-------------+ <-----+ | | | | |
   UNSUBSCRIBE | | PUBLISH_DONE | | (subscriber)| | (publisher) | | V
   V | | +-------------+ | +----------->| Terminated | <------------+
   +-------------+

   A publisher MUST send exactly one SUBSCRIBE_OK or REQUEST_ERROR in
   response to a SUBSCRIBE.  A subscriber MUST send exactly one
   PUBLISH_OK or REQUEST_ERROR in response to a PUBLISH.  The peer
   SHOULD close the session with a protocol error if it receives more
   than one.

   A publisher MUST save the Largest Location communicated in PUBLISH or
   SUBSCRIBE_OK when establishing a subscription.  This value can be
   used in a Joining FETCH (see Section 9.16.2) at any time while the
   subscription is active.






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   All Established subscriptions have a Forward State which is either 0
   or 1.  If the Forward State is 0, the publisher does not send objects
   for the subscription.  If the Forward State is 1, the publisher sends
   objects.  The initiator of the subscription sets the initial Forward
   State in either PUBLISH or SUBSCRIBE.  The sender of PUBLISH_OK can
   update the Forward State based on its preference.  Once the
   subscription is established, the subscriber can update the Forward
   State by sending SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE.  Control messages, such as
   PUBLISH_DONE (Section 9.15) are still sent on subscriptions in
   Forward State 0.

   Either endpoint can initiate a subscription to a track without
   exchanging any prior messages other than SETUP.  Relays MUST NOT send
   any PUBLISH messages without knowing the client is interested in and
   authorized to receive the content.  The communication of intent and
   authorization can be accomplished by the client sending
   SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE, or conveyed in other mechanisms out of band.

   An endpoint MAY SUBSCRIBE to a Track it is publishing, though only
   Relays are required to handle such a SUBSCRIBE.  Such self-
   subscriptions are identical to subscriptions initiated by other
   endpoints, and all published Objects will be forwarded back to the
   endpoint, subject to priority and congestion response rules.

   A publisher SHOULD begin sending incomplete objects when available to
   avoid incurring additional latency.

   Publishers MAY start sending Objects on PUBLISH-initiated
   subscriptions before receiving a PUBLISH_OK response to reduce
   latency.  Doing so can consume unnecessary resources in cases where
   the Subscriber rejects the subscription with REQUEST_ERROR or sets
   Forward State=0 in PUBLISH_OK.  It can also result in the Subscriber
   dropping Objects if its buffering limits are exceeded (see
   Section 10.3 and Section 10.4.2).

5.1.1.  Subscription State Management

   A subscriber keeps subscription state until it sends UNSUBSCRIBE, or
   after receipt of a PUBLISH_DONE or REQUEST_ERROR.  Note that
   PUBLISH_DONE does not usually indicate that state can immediately be
   destroyed, see Section 9.15.

   The Publisher can destroy subscription state as soon as it has
   received UNSUBSCRIBE.  It MUST reset any open streams associated with
   the SUBSCRIBE.






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   The Publisher can also immediately delete subscription state after
   sending PUBLISH_DONE, but MUST NOT send it until it has closed all
   related streams.

   A REQUEST_ERROR indicates no objects will be delivered, and both
   endpoints can immediately destroy relevant state.  Objects MUST NOT
   be sent for requests that end with an error.

5.1.2.  Subscription Filters

   Subscribers can specify a filter on a subscription indicating to the
   publisher which Objects to send.  Subscriptions without a filter pass
   all Objects published or received via upstream subscriptions.

   All filters have a Start Location and an optional End Group.  Only
   objects published or received via a subscription having Locations
   greater than or equal to Start Location and strictly less than or
   equal to the End Group (when present) pass the filter.

   Some filters are defined to be relative to the Largest Object.  The
   Largest Object is the Object with the largest Location
   (Section 1.4.1) in the Track from the perspective of the publisher
   processing the message.  Largest Object updates when the first byte
   of an Object with a Location larger than the previous value is
   published or received through a subscription.

   A Subscription Filter has the following structure:

   Subscription Filter {
     Filter Type (i),
     [Start Location (Location),]
     [End Group (i),]
   }

   Filter Type can have one of the following values:

   Largest Object (0x2): The filter Start Location is {Largest
   Object.Group, Largest Object.Object + 1} and Largest Object is
   communicated in SUBSCRIBE_OK.  If no content has been delivered yet,
   the filter Start Location is {0, 0}. There is no End Group - the
   subscription is open ended.  Note that due to network reordering or
   prioritization, relays can receive Objects with Locations smaller
   than Largest Object after the SUBSCRIBE is processed, but these
   Objects do not pass the Largest Object filter.

   Next Group Start (0x1): The filter Start Location is {Largest
   Object.Group + 1, 0} and Largest Object is communicated in
   SUBSCRIBE_OK.  If no content has been delivered yet, the filter Start



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   Location is {0, 0}.  There is no End Group - the subscription is open
   ended.  For scenarios where the subscriber intends to start from more
   than one group in the future, it can use an AbsoluteStart filter
   instead.

   AbsoluteStart (0x3): The filter Start Location is specified
   explicitly.  The specified Start Location MAY be less than the
   Largest Object observed at the publisher.  There is no End Group -
   the subscription is open ended.  An AbsoluteStart filter with Start =
   {0, 0} is equivalent to an unfiltered subscription.

   AbsoluteRange (0x4): The filter Start Location and End Group are
   specified explicitly.  The specified Start Location MAY be less than
   the Largest Object observed at the publisher.  If the specified End
   Group is the same group specified in Start Location, the remainder of
   that Group passes the filter.  End Group MUST specify the same or a
   larger Group than specified in Start Location.

   An endpoint that receives a filter type other than the above MUST
   close the session with PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

5.1.3.  Joining an Ongoing Track

   The MOQT Object model is designed with the concept that the beginning
   of a Group is a join point, so in order for a subscriber to join a
   Track, it needs to request an existing Group or wait for a future
   Group.  Different applications will have different approaches for
   when to begin a new Group.

   To join a Track at a past Group, the subscriber sends a SUBSCRIBE
   with Filter Type Largest Object followed by a Joining FETCH (see
   Section 9.16.2) for the intended start Group, which can be relative.
   To join a Track at the next Group, the subscriber sends a SUBSCRIBE
   with Filter Type Next Group Start.

5.1.3.1.  Dynamically Starting New Groups

   While some publishers will deterministically create new Groups, other
   applications might want to only begin a new Group when needed.  A
   subscriber joining a Track might detect that it is more efficient to
   request the Original Publisher create a new group than issue a
   Joining FETCH.  Publishers indicate a Track supports dynamic group
   creation using the DYNAMIC_GROUPS parameter (Section 9.2.1.11).

   One possible subscriber pattern is to SUBSCRIBE to a Track using
   Filter Type Largest Object and observe the Largest Location in the
   response.  If the Object ID is below the application's threshold, the
   subscriber sends a FETCH for the beginning of the Group.  If the



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   Object ID is above the threshold and the Track supports dynamic
   groups, the subscriber sends a SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE message with the
   NEW_GROUP_REQUEST parameter equal to the Largest Location's Group,
   plus one (see Section 9.2.1.12).

   Another possible subscriber pattern is to send a SUBSCRIBE with
   Filter Type Next Group Start and NEW_GROUP_REQUEST equal to 0.  The
   value of DYNAMIC_GROUPS in SUBSCRIBE_OK will indicate if the
   publisher supports dynamic groups.  A publisher that does will begin
   the next group as soon as practical.

5.2.  Fetch State Management

   The publisher MUST send exactly one FETCH_OK or REQUEST_ERROR in
   response to a FETCH.

   A subscriber keeps FETCH state until it sends FETCH_CANCEL, receives
   REQUEST_ERROR, or receives a FIN or RESET_STREAM for the FETCH data
   stream.  If the data stream is already open, it MAY send STOP_SENDING
   for the data stream along with FETCH_CANCEL, but MUST send
   FETCH_CANCEL.

   The Publisher can destroy fetch state as soon as it has received a
   FETCH_CANCEL.  It MUST reset any open streams associated with the
   FETCH.  It can also destroy state after closing the FETCH data
   stream.

   It can destroy all FETCH state after closing the data stream with a
   FIN.

   A REQUEST_ERROR indicates that both endpoints can immediately destroy
   state.  Since a relay can start delivering FETCH Objects from cache
   before determining the result of the request, some Objects could be
   received even if the FETCH results in error.

6.  Namespace Discovery

   Discovery of MOQT servers is always done out-of-band.  Namespace
   discovery can be done in the context of an established MOQT session.

   Given sufficient out of band information, it is valid for a
   subscriber to send a SUBSCRIBE or FETCH message to a publisher
   (including a relay) without any previous MOQT messages besides SETUP.
   However, SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE, PUBLISH and PUBLISH_NAMESPACE messages
   provide an in-band means of discovery of publishers for a namespace.

   The syntax of these messages is described in Section 9.




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6.1.  Subscribing to Namespaces

   If the subscriber is aware of a namespace of interest, it can send
   SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE to publishers/relays it has established a session
   with.  The recipient of this message will send any relevant
   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE, PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE or PUBLISH messages for
   that namespace, or more specific part of that namespace.  This
   includes echoing back PUBLISH or PUBLISH_NAMESPACE messages to the
   endpoint that sent them.  If an endpoint accepts its own PUBLISH,
   this behaves as self-subscription described in Section 5.1.

   A publisher MUST send exactly one REQUEST_OK or REQUEST_ERROR in
   response to a SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE.  The subscriber SHOULD close the
   session with a protocol error if it detects receiving more than one.

   The receiver of a REQUEST_OK or REQUEST_ERROR ought to forward the
   result to the application, so the application can decide which other
   publishers to contact, if any.

   An UNSUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE withdraws a previous SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE.
   It does not prohibit original publishers from sending further
   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE or PUBLISH messages, but relays MUST NOT send any
   further PUBLISH messages to a client without knowing the client is
   interested in and authorized to receive the content.

6.2.  Publishing Namespaces

   A publisher MAY send PUBLISH_NAMESPACE messages to any subscriber.  A
   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE indicates to the subscriber that the publisher has
   tracks available in that namespace.  A subscriber MAY send SUBSCRIBE
   or FETCH for tracks in a namespace without having received a
   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE for it.

   If a publisher is authoritative for a given namespace, or is a relay
   that has received an authorized PUBLISH_NAMESPACE for that namespace
   from an upstream publisher, it MUST send a PUBLISH_NAMESPACE to any
   subscriber that has subscribed via SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE for that
   namespace, or a prefix of that namespace.  A publisher MAY send the
   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE to any other subscriber.

   An endpoint SHOULD report the reception of a REQUEST_OK or
   REQUEST_ERROR to the application to inform the search for additional
   subscribers for a namespace, or to abandon the attempt to publish
   under this namespace.  This might be especially useful in upload or
   chat applications.  A subscriber MUST send exactly one REQUEST_OK or
   REQUEST_ERROR in response to a PUBLISH_NAMESPACE.  The publisher
   SHOULD close the session with a protocol error if it receives more
   than one.



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   A PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE message withdraws a previous
   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE, although it is not a protocol error for the
   subscriber to send a SUBSCRIBE or FETCH message for a track in a
   namespace after receiving an PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE.

   A subscriber can send PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_CANCEL to revoke acceptance
   of an PUBLISH_NAMESPACE, for example due to expiration of
   authorization credentials.  The message enables the publisher to
   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE again with refreshed authorization, or discard
   associated state.  After receiving an PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_CANCEL, the
   publisher does not send PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE.

   While PUBLISH_NAMESPACE indicates to relays how to connect publishers
   and subscribers, it is not a full-fledged routing protocol and does
   not protect against loops and other phenomena.  In particular,
   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE SHOULD NOT be used to find paths through richly
   connected networks of relays.

   A subscriber MAY send a SUBSCRIBE or FETCH for a track to any
   publisher.  If it has accepted a PUBLISH_NAMESPACE with a namespace
   that exactly matches the namespace for that track, it SHOULD only
   request it from the senders of those PUBLISH_NAMESPACE messages.

7.  Priorities

   MoQ priorities allow a subscriber and original publisher to influence
   the transmission order of Objects within a session in the presence of
   congestion.

7.1.  Definitions

   MOQT maintains priorities between different schedulable objects.  A
   schedulable object in MOQT is either:

   1.  The first or next Object in a Subgroup that is in response to a
       subscription.

   2.  An Object in response to a subscription that belongs to a Track
       with delivery preference Datagram.

   3.  An Object in response to a FETCH where that Object is the next
       Object in the response.

   An Object is not schedulable if it is known that no part of it can be
   written due to underlying transport flow control limits.






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   A single subgroup or datagram has a single publisher priority.
   Within a response to SUBSCRIBE, it can be useful to conceptualize
   this process as scheduling subgroups or datagrams instead of
   individual objects on them.  FETCH responses however can contain
   objects with different publisher priorities.

   A priority numberis an unsigned integer with a value between 0 and
   255.  A lower priority number indicates higher priority; the highest
   priority is 0.

   Subscriber Priority is a priority number associated with an
   individual request.  It is specified in the SUBSCRIBE or FETCH
   message, and can be updated via SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE message.  The
   subscriber priority of an individual schedulable object is the
   subscriber priority of the request that caused that object to be
   sent.  When subscriber priority is changed, a best effort SHOULD be
   made to apply the change to all objects that have not been scheduled,
   but it is implementation dependent what happens to objects that have
   already been scheduled.

   Publisher Priority is a priority number associated with an individual
   schedulable object.  A default can be specified in the parameters of
   PUBLISH, or SUBSCRIBE_OK.  Publisher priority can also be specified
   in a subgroup header or datagram (see Section 10).

   Group Order is a property of an individual subscription.  It can be
   either 'Ascending' (groups with lower group ID are sent first), or
   'Descending' (groups with higher group ID are sent first).  The
   subscriber optionally communicates its group order preference in the
   SUBSCRIBE message; the publisher's preference is used if the
   subscriber did not express one (by setting Group Order field to value
   0x0).  The group order of an existing subscription cannot be changed.

7.2.  Scheduling Algorithm

   When an MOQT publisher has multiple schedulable objects it can choose
   between, the objects SHOULD be selected as follows:

   1.  If two objects have different subscriber priorities associated
       with them, the one with *the highest subscriber priority* is
       scheduled to be sent first.

   2.  If two objects have the same subscriber priority, but different
       publisher priorities, the one with *the highest publisher
       priority* is scheduled to be sent first.






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   3.  If two objects in response to the same request have the same
       subscriber and publisher priority, but belong to two different
       groups of the same track, *the group order* of the associated
       subscription is used to decide the one that is scheduled to be
       sent first.

   4.  If two objects in response to the same request have the same
       subscriber and publisher priority and belong to the same group of
       the same track, the one with *the lowest Subgroup ID* (for tracks
       with delivery preference Subgroup), or *the lowest Object ID*
       (for tracks with delivery preference Datagram) is scheduled to be
       sent first.

   The definition of "scheduled to be sent first" in the algorithm is
   implementation dependent and is constrained by the prioritization
   interface of the underlying transport.  For some implementations, it
   could mean that the object is serialized and passed to the underlying
   transport first.  Other implementations can control the order packets
   are initially transmitted.

   This algorithm does not provide a well-defined ordering for objects
   that belong to different subscriptions or FETCH responses, but have
   the same subscriber and publisher priority.  The ordering in those
   cases is implementation-defined, though the expectation is that all
   subscriptions will be able to send some data.

   Given the critical nature of control messages and their relatively
   small size, the control stream SHOULD be prioritized higher than all
   subscribed Objects.

7.3.  Considerations for Setting Priorities

   For downstream subscriptions, relays SHOULD respect the subscriber
   and original publisher's priorities.  Relays can receive
   subscriptions with conflicting subscriber priorities or Group Order
   preferences.  Relays SHOULD NOT directly use Subscriber Priority or
   Group Order from incoming subscriptions for upstream subscriptions.
   Relays' use of these fields for upstream subscriptions can be based
   on factors specific to it, such as the popularity of the content or
   policy, or relays can specify the same value for all upstream
   subscriptions.

   MoQ Sessions can span multiple namespaces, and priorities might not
   be coordinated across namespaces.  The subscriber's priority is
   considered first, so there is a mechanism for a subscriber to fix
   incompatibilities between different namespaces prioritization
   schemes.  Additionally, it is anticipated that when multiple
   namespaces are present within a session, the namespaces could be



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   coordinating, possibly part of the same application.  In cases when
   pooling among namespaces is expected to cause issues, multiple MoQ
   sessions, either within a single connection or on multiple
   connections can be used.

   Implementations that have a default priority SHOULD set it to a value
   in the middle of the range (eg: 128) to allow non-default priorities
   to be set either higher or lower.

8.  Relays

   Relays are leveraged to enable distribution scale in the MoQ
   architecture.  Relays can be used to form an overlay delivery
   network, similar in functionality to Content Delivery Networks
   (CDNs).  Additionally, relays serve as policy enforcement points by
   validating subscribe and publish requests at the edge of a network.

   Relays are endpoints, which means they terminate Transport Sessions
   in order to have visibility of MoQ Object metadata.

8.1.  Caching Relays

   Relays MAY cache Objects, but are not required to.

   A caching relay saves Objects to its cache identified by the Object's
   Full Track Name, Group ID and Object ID.  If multiple objects are
   received with the same Full Track Name, Group ID and Object ID,
   Relays MAY ignore subsequently received Objects or MAY use them to
   update certain cached fields.  Implementations that update the cache
   need to protect against cache poisoning.  The only Object fields that
   can be updated are the following:

   1.  Object Status can transition from any status to Object Does Not
       Exist in cases where the object is no longer available.
       Transitions between Normal, End of Group and End of Track are
       invalid.

   2.  Object Header Extensions can be added, removed or updated,
       subject to the constraints of the specific header extension.

   An endpoint that receives a duplicate Object with an invalid Object
   Status change, or with a different Forwarding Preference, Subgroup
   ID, Priority or Payload MUST treat the track as Malformed.








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   Note that due to reordering, an implementation can receive a
   duplicate Object with a status of Normal, End of Group or End of
   Track after receiving a previous status of Object Does Not Exist.
   The endpoint SHOULD NOT cache or forward the duplicate object in this
   case.

   A cache MUST store all properties of an Object defined in
   Section 10.2.1, with the exception of any extensions
   (Section 10.2.1.2) that specify otherwise.

8.2.  Forward Handling

   Relays SHOULD set the Forward flag to 1 when a new subscription needs
   to be sent upstream, regardless of the value of the Forward field
   from the downstream subscription.  Subscriptions that are not
   forwarded consume resources from the publisher, so a publisher might
   deprioritize, reject, or close those subscriptions to ensure other
   subscriptions can be delivered.

8.3.  Multiple Publishers

   A Relay can receive PUBLISH_NAMESPACE for the same Track Namespace or
   PUBLISH messages for the same Track from multiple publishers.  The
   following sections explain how Relays maintain subscriptions to all
   available publishers for a given Track.

   There is no specified limit to the number of publishers of a Track
   Namespace or Track.  An implementation can use mechanisms such as
   REQUEST_ERROR, UNSUBSCRIBE or PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_CANCEL if it cannot
   accept an additional publisher due to implementation constraints.
   Implementations can consider the establishment or idle time of the
   session or subscription to determine which publisher to reject or
   disconnect.

   Relays MUST handle Objects for the same Track from multiple
   publishers and forward them to matching Established subscriptions.
   The Relay SHOULD attempt to deduplicate Objects before forwarding,
   subject to implementation constraints.

8.4.  Subscriber Interactions

   Subscribers request Tracks by sending a SUBSCRIBE (see Section 9.9)
   or FETCH (see Section 9.16) control message for each Track of
   interest.  Relays MUST ensure subscribers are authorized to access
   the content associated with the Track.  The authorization information
   can be part of request itself or part of the encompassing session.
   The specifics of how a relay authorizes a user are outside the scope
   of this specification.



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   The relay MUST have an established upstream subscription before
   sending SUBSCRIBE_OK in response to a downstream SUBSCRIBE.  If a
   relay does not have sufficient information to send a FETCH_OK
   immediately in response to a FETCH, it MUST withhold sending FETCH_OK
   until it does.

   Publishers maintain a list of Established downstream subscriptions
   for each Track.  Relays use the Track Alias (Section 10.1) of an
   incoming Object to identify its Track and find the current
   subscribers.  Each new Object belonging to the Track is forwarded to
   each subscriber, as allowed by the subscription's filter (see
   Section 9.9), and delivered according to the priority (see Section 7)
   and delivery timeout (see Section 9.2.1.2).

   A relay MUST NOT reorder or drop objects received on a multi-object
   stream when forwarding to subscribers, unless it has application
   specific information.

   Relays MAY aggregate authorized subscriptions for a given Track when
   multiple subscribers request the same Track.  Subscription
   aggregation allows relays to make only a single upstream subscription
   for the Track.  The published content received from the upstream
   subscription request is cached and shared among the pending
   subscribers.  Because SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE only allows narrowing a
   subscription, relays that aggregate upstream subscriptions can
   subscribe using the Largest Object filter to avoid churn as
   downstream subscribers with disparate filters subscribe and
   unsubscribe from a Track.

   A subscriber remains subscribed to a Track at a Relay until it
   unsubscribes, the upstream publisher terminates the subscription, or
   the subscription expires (see Section 9.10).  A subscription with a
   filter can reach a state where all possible Objects matching the
   filter have been delivered to the subscriber.  Since tracking this
   can be prohibitively expensive, Relays are not required or expected
   to do so.

8.4.1.  Graceful Subscriber Relay Switchover

   This section describes behavior a subscriber MAY implement to allow
   for a better user experience when a relay sends a GOAWAY.

   When a subscriber receives the GOAWAY message, it starts the process
   of connecting to a new relay and sending the SUBSCRIBE requests for
   all Established subscriptions to the new relay.  The new relay will
   send a response to the subscribes and if they are successful, the
   subscriptions to the old relay can be stopped with an UNSUBSCRIBE.




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8.5.  Publisher Interactions

   There are two ways to publish through a relay:

   1.  Send a PUBLISH message for a specific Track to the relay.  The
       relay MAY respond with PUBLISH_OK in Forward State=0 until there
       are known subscribers for new Tracks.

   2.  Send a PUBLISH_NAMESPACE message for a Track Namespace to the
       relay.  This enables the relay to send SUBSCRIBE or FETCH
       messages to publishers for Tracks in this Namespace in response
       to requests received from subscribers.

   Relays MUST verify that publishers are authorized to publish the set
   of Tracks whose Track Namespace matches the namespace in a
   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE, or the Full Track Name in PUBLISH.  The
   authorization and identification of the publisher depends on the way
   the relay is managed and is application specific.

   When a publisher wants to stop new subscriptions for a published
   namespace it sends a PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE.  A subscriber indicates
   it will no longer subcribe to Tracks in a namespace it previously
   responded REQUEST_OK to by sending a PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_CANCEL.

   A Relay connects publishers and subscribers by managing sessions
   based on the Track Namespace or Full Track Name.  When a SUBSCRIBE
   message is sent, its Full Track Name is matched exactly against
   existing upstream subscriptions.

   Namespace Prefix Matching is further used to decide which publishers
   receive a SUBSCRIBE and which subscribers receive a PUBLISH.  In this
   process, the fields in the Track Namespace are matched sequentially,
   requiring an exact match for each field.  If the published or
   subscribed Track Namespace has the same or fewer fields than the
   Track Namespace in the message, it qualifies as a match.

   For example: A SUBSCRIBE message with namespace=(foo, bar) and name=x
   will match sessions that sent PUBLISH_NAMESPACE messages with
   namespace=(foo) or namespace=(foo, bar).  It will not match a session
   with namespace=(foobar).

   Relays MUST forward SUBSCRIBE messages to all matching publishers and
   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE or PUBLISH messages to all matching subscribers.

   When a Relay needs to make an upstream FETCH request, it determines
   the available publishers using the same matching rules as SUBSCRIBE.
   When more than one publisher is available, the Relay MAY send the
   FETCH to any of them.



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   When a Relay receives an authorized SUBSCRIBE for a Track with one or
   more Established upstream subscriptions, it MUST reply with
   SUBSCRIBE_OK.  If the SUBSCRIBE has Forward State=1 and the upstream
   subscriptions are in Forward State=0, the Relay MUST send
   SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE with Forward=1 to all publishers.  If there are no
   Established upstream subscriptions for the requested Track, the Relay
   MUST send a SUBSCRIBE request to each publisher that has published
   the subscription's namespace or prefix thereof.  If the SUBSCRIBE has
   Forward=1, then the Relay MUST use Forward=1 when subscribing
   upstream.

   When a relay receives an incoming PUBLISH message, it MUST send a
   PUBLISH request to each subscriber that has subscribed (via
   SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE) to the Track's namespace or prefix thereof.

   When a relay receives an authorized PUBLISH_NAMESPACE for a namespace
   that matches one or more existing subscriptions to other upstream
   sessions, it MUST send a SUBSCRIBE to the publisher that sent the
   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE for each matching subscription.  When it receives
   an authorized PUBLISH message for a Track that has Established
   downstream subscriptions, it MUST respond with PUBLISH_OK.  If at
   least one downstream subscriber for the Track has Forward State=1,
   the Relay MUST use Forward State=1 in the reply.

   If a Session is closed due to an unknown or invalid control message
   or Object, the Relay MUST NOT propagate that message or Object to
   another Session, because it would enable a single Session error to
   force an unrelated Session, which might be handling other
   subscriptions, to be closed.

8.5.1.  Graceful Publisher Network Switchover

   This section describes a behavior that a publisher MAY choose to
   implement to allow for a better user experience when switching
   between networks, such as WiFi to Cellular or vice versa.

   If the original publisher detects it is likely to need to switch
   networks, for example because the WiFi signal is getting weaker, and
   it does not have QUIC connection migration available, it establishes
   a new session over the new interface and sends PUBLISH_NAMESPACE and/
   or PUBLISH messages.  The relay will establish subscriptions and the
   publisher publishes Objects on both sessions.  Once the subscriptions
   have migrated over to the session on the new network, the publisher
   can stop publishing Objects on the old network.  The relay will
   attempt to deduplicate Objects received on both subscriptions.
   Ideally, the subscriptions downstream from the relay do not observe
   this change, and keep receiving the Objects on the same subscription.




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8.5.2.  Graceful Publisher Relay Switchover

   This section describes a behavior that a publisher MAY choose to
   implement to allow for a better user experience when a relay sends
   them a GOAWAY.

   When a publisher receives a GOAWAY, it starts the process of
   connecting to a new relay and sends PUBLISH_NAMESPACE and/or PUBLISH
   messages, but it does not immediately stop publishing Objects to the
   old Relay.  The new Relay will establish subscriptions and the
   publisher can start sending new Objects to the new relay instead of
   the old Relay.  Once Objects are going to the new Relay, the
   published namespaces and subscriptions to the old relay can be
   withdrawn or terminated.

8.6.  Relay Object Handling

   MOQT encodes the delivery information via Object headers
   (Section 10.2).  A relay MUST NOT modify Object properties when
   forwarding, except for Object Extension Headers as specified in
   Section 10.2.1.2.

   A relay MUST treat the object payload as opaque.  A relay MUST NOT
   combine, split, or otherwise modify object payloads.  A relay SHOULD
   prioritize sending Objects based on Section 7.

9.  Control Messages

   MOQT uses a single bidirectional stream to exchange control messages,
   as defined in Section 3.3.  Every single message on the control
   stream is formatted as follows:

   MOQT Control Message {
     Message Type (i),
     Message Length (16),
     Message Payload (..),
   }

                       Figure 3: MOQT Control Message

   The following Message Types are defined:

           +======+============================================+
           |   ID | Messages                                   |
           +======+============================================+
           | 0x01 | RESERVED (SETUP for version 00)            |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           | 0x40 | RESERVED (CLIENT_SETUP for versions <= 10) |



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           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           | 0x41 | RESERVED (SERVER_SETUP for versions <= 10) |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           | 0x20 | CLIENT_SETUP (Section 9.3)                 |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           | 0x21 | SERVER_SETUP (Section 9.3)                 |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           | 0x10 | GOAWAY (Section 9.4)                       |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           | 0x15 | MAX_REQUEST_ID (Section 9.5)               |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           | 0x1A | REQUESTS_BLOCKED (Section 9.6)             |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           |  0x7 | REQUEST_OK (Section 9.7)                   |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           |  0x5 | REQUEST_ERROR (Section 9.8)                |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           |  0x3 | SUBSCRIBE (Section 9.9)                    |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           |  0x4 | SUBSCRIBE_OK (Section 9.10)                |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           |  0x2 | SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE (Section 9.11)            |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           |  0xA | UNSUBSCRIBE (Section 9.12)                 |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           | 0x1D | PUBLISH (Section 9.13)                     |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           | 0x1E | PUBLISH_OK (Section 9.14)                  |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           |  0xB | PUBLISH_DONE (Section 9.15)                |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           | 0x16 | FETCH (Section 9.16)                       |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           | 0x18 | FETCH_OK (Section 9.17)                    |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           | 0x17 | FETCH_CANCEL (Section 9.18)                |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           |  0xD | TRACK_STATUS (Section 9.19)                |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           |  0x6 | PUBLISH_NAMESPACE (Section 9.20)           |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           |  0x9 | PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE (Section 9.21)      |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           |  0xC | PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_CANCEL (Section 9.22)    |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           | 0x11 | SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE (Section 9.23)         |
           +------+--------------------------------------------+
           | 0x14 | UNSUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE (Section 9.24)       |



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           +------+--------------------------------------------+

                                  Table 1

   An endpoint that receives an unknown message type MUST close the
   session.  Control messages have a length to make parsing easier, but
   no control messages are intended to be ignored.  The length is set to
   the number of bytes in Message Payload, which is defined by each
   message type.  If the length does not match the length of the Message
   Payload, the receiver MUST close the session with a
   PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

9.1.  Request ID

   Most MOQT control messages contain a session specific Request ID.
   The Request ID correlates requests and responses, allows endpoints to
   update or terminate ongoing requests, and supports the endpoint's
   ability to limit the concurrency and frequency of requests.  Request
   IDs for one endpoint increment independently from those sent by the
   peer endpoint.  The client's Request ID starts at 0 and are even and
   the server's Request ID starts at 1 and are odd.  The Request ID
   increments by 2 with each FETCH, SUBSCRIBE, SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE,
   SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE, PUBLISH, PUBLISH_NAMESPACE or TRACK_STATUS
   request.  Other messages with a Request ID field reference the
   Request ID of another message for correlation.  If an endpoint
   receives a Request ID that is not valid for the peer, or a new
   request with a Request ID that is not the next in sequence or exceeds
   the received MAX_REQUEST_ID, it MUST close the session with
   INVALID_REQUEST_ID.

9.2.  Parameters

   Some messages include a Parameters field that encodes optional
   message elements.

   Senders MUST NOT repeat the same parameter type in a message unless
   the parameter definition explicitly allows multiple instances of that
   type to be sent in a single message.  Receivers SHOULD check that
   there are no unauthorized duplicate parameters and close the session
   as a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION if found.  Receivers MUST allow duplicates of
   unknown parameters.

   The Parameters in SUBSCRIBE, PUBLISH_OK and FETCH MUST NOT cause the
   publisher to alter the payload of the objects it sends, as that would
   violate the track uniqueness guarantee described in Section 2.4.3.

   Receivers ignore unrecognized parameters.




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   The number of parameters in a message is not specifically limited,
   but the total length of a control message is limited to 2^16-1 bytes.

   Parameters are serialized as Key-Value-Pairs Figure 2.

   Setup message parameters use a namespace that is constant across all
   MOQT versions.  All other messages use a version-specific namespace.
   For example, the integer '1' can refer to different parameters for
   Setup messages and for all other message types.  SETUP message
   parameter types are defined in Section 9.3.1.  Version-specific
   parameter types are defined in Section 9.2.1.

9.2.1.  Version Specific Parameters

   Each version-specific parameter definition indicates the message
   types in which it can appear.  If it appears in some other type of
   message, it MUST be ignored.  Note that since Setup parameters use a
   separate namespace, it is impossible for these parameters to appear
   in Setup messages.

9.2.1.1.  AUTHORIZATION TOKEN Parameter

   The AUTHORIZATION TOKEN parameter (Parameter Type 0x03) MAY appear in
   a CLIENT_SETUP, SERVER_SETUP, PUBLISH, SUBSCRIBE, SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE,
   SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE, PUBLISH_NAMESPACE, TRACK_STATUS or FETCH
   message.  This parameter conveys information to authorize the sender
   to perform the operation carrying the parameter.

   The parameter value is a Token structure containing an optional
   Session-specific Alias.  The Alias allows the sender to reference a
   previously transmitted Token Type and Token Value in future messages.
   The Token structure is serialized as follows:

   Token {
     Alias Type (i),
     [Token Alias (i),]
     [Token Type (i),]
     [Token Value (..)]
   }

                         Figure 4: Token structure

   *  Alias Type - an integer defining both the serialization and the
      processing behavior of the receiver.  This Alias type has the
      following code points:

   DELETE (0x0):  There is an Alias but no Type or Value.  This Alias




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      and the Token Value it was previously associated with| MUST be
      retired.  Retiring removes them from the pool of actively
      registered tokens.

   REGISTER (0x1):  There is an Alias, a Type and a Value.  This Alias
      MUST be associated with the Token Value for the duration of the
      Session or it is deleted.  This action is termed "registering" the
      Token.

   USE_ALIAS (0x2):  There is an Alias but no Type or Value.  Use the
      Token Type and Value previously registered with this Alias.

   USE_VALUE (0x3):  There is no Alias and there is a Type and Value.
      Use the Token Value as provided.  The Token Value may be discarded
      after processing.

   If a server receives Alias Type DELETE (0x0) or USE_ALIAS (0x2) in a
   CLIENT_SETUP message, it MUST close the session with a
   PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

   *  Token Alias - a Session-specific integer identifier that
      references a Token Value.  There are separate Alias spaces for the
      client and server (e.g.: they can each register Alias=1).  Once a
      Token Alias has been registered, it cannot be re-registered by the
      same endpoint in the Session without first being deleted.  Use of
      the Token Alias is optional.

   *  Token Type - a numeric identifier for the type of Token payload
      being transmitted.  This type is defined by the IANA table "MOQT
      Auth Token Type" (see Section 13).  Type 0 is reserved to indicate
      that the type is not defined in the table and is negotiated out-
      of-band between client and receiver.

   *  Token Value - the payload of the Token.  The contents and
      serialization of this payload are defined by the Token Type.

   If the Token structure cannot be decoded, the receiver MUST close the
   Session with KEY_VALUE_FORMATTING_ERROR.  The receiver of a message
   attempting to register an Alias which is already registered MUST
   close the Session with DUPLICATE_AUTH_TOKEN_ALIAS.  The receiver of a
   message referencing an Alias that is not currently registered MUST
   reject the message with UNKNOWN_AUTH_TOKEN_ALIAS.

   The receiver of a message containing a well-formed Token structure
   but otherwise invalid AUTHORIZATION TOKEN parameter MUST reject that
   message with an MALFORMED_AUTH_TOKEN error.





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   The receiver of a message carrying an AUTHORIZATION TOKEN with Alias
   Type REGISTER that does not result in a Session error MUST register
   the Token Alias, in the token cache, even if the message fails for
   other reasons, including Unauthorized.  This allows senders to
   pipeline messages that refer to previously registered tokens without
   potentially terminating the entire Session.  A receiver MAY store an
   error code (eg: UNAUTHORIZED or MALFORMED_AUTH_TOKEN) in place of the
   Token Type and Token Alias if any future message referencing the
   Token Alias will result in that error.  However, it is important to
   not store an error code for a token that might be valid in the future
   or due to some other property becoming fulfilled which currently
   isn't.  The size of a registered cache entry includes the length of
   the Token Value, regardless of whether it is stored.

   If a receiver detects that an authorization token has expired, it
   MUST retain the registered Alias until it is deleted by the sender,
   though it MAY discard other state associated with the token that is
   no longer needed.  Expiration does not affect the size occupied by a
   token in the token cache.  Any message that references the token with
   Alias Type USE_ALIAS fails with EXPIRED_AUTH_TOKEN.

   Using an Alias to refer to a previously registered Token Type and
   Value is for efficiency only and has the same effect as if the Token
   Type and Value was included directly.  Retiring an Alias that was
   previously used to authorize a message has no retroactive effect on
   the original authorization, nor does it prevent that same Token Type
   and Value from being re-registered.

   Senders of tokens SHOULD only register tokens which they intend to
   re-use during the Session and SHOULD retire previously registered
   tokens once their utility has passed.

   By registering a Token, the sender is requiring the receiver to store
   the Token Alias and Token Value until they are deleted, or the
   Session ends.  The receiver can protect its resources by sending a
   SETUP parameter defining the MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE limit (see
   Section 9.3.1.4) it is willing to accept.  If a registration is
   attempted which would cause this limit to be exceeded, the receiver
   MUST termiate the Session with a AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_OVERFLOW error.

   The AUTHORIZATION TOKEN parameter MAY be repeated within a message as
   long as the combination of Token Type and Token Value are unique
   after resolving any aliases.








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9.2.1.2.  DELIVERY TIMEOUT Parameter

   The DELIVERY TIMEOUT parameter (Parameter Type 0x02) MAY appear in a
   TRACK_STATUS, REQUEST_OK (in response to TRACK_STATUS), PUBLISH,
   PUBLISH_OK, SUBSCRIBE, SUBSCRIBE_OK, or SUBSCRIBE_UDPATE message.

   It is the duration in milliseconds the relay SHOULD continue to
   attempt forwarding Objects after they have been received.  The start
   time for the timeout is based on when the Object Headers are
   received, and does not depend upon the forwarding preference.  There
   is no explicit signal that an Object was not sent because the
   delivery timeout was exceeded.

   If both the subscriber and publisher specify the parameter, they use
   the min of the two values for the subscription.  The publisher SHOULD
   always specify the value received from an upstream subscription when
   there is one, and nothing otherwise.

   Publishers can, at their discretion, discontinue forwarding Objects
   earlier than the negotiated DELIVERY TIMEOUT, subject to stream
   closure and ordering constraints described in Section 10.4.3.
   However, if neither the subscriber nor publisher specifies DELIVERY
   TIMEOUT, all Objects in the track matching the subscription filter
   are delivered as indicated by their Group Order and Priority.  If a
   subscriber fails to consume Objects at a sufficient rate, causing the
   publisher to exceed its resource limits, the publisher MAY terminate
   the subscription with error TOO_FAR_BEHIND.

   If an object in a subgroup exceeds the delivery timeout, the
   publisher MUST reset the underlying transport stream (see
   Section 10.4.3).

   When sent by a subscriber, this parameter is intended to be specific
   to a subscription, so it SHOULD NOT be forwarded upstream by a relay
   that intends to serve multiple subscriptions for the same track.

   Publishers SHOULD consider whether the entire Object can likely be
   successfully delivered within the timeout period before sending any
   data for that Object, taking into account priorities, congestion
   control, and any other relevant information.

9.2.1.3.  MAX CACHE DURATION Parameter

   The MAX_CACHE_DURATION parameter (Parameter Type 0x04) MAY appear in
   a PUBLISH, SUBSCRIBE_OK, FETCH_OK or REQUEST_OK (in response to
   TRACK_STATUS) message.





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   It is an integer expressing the number of milliseconds an Object can
   be served from a cache.  If present, the relay MUST NOT start
   forwarding any individual Object received through this subscription
   or fetch after the specified number of milliseconds has elapsed since
   the beginning of the Object was received.  This means Objects earlier
   in a multi-object stream will expire earlier than Objects later in
   the stream.  Once Objects have expired from cache, their state
   becomes unknown, and a relay that handles a downstream request that
   includes those Objects re-requests them.

   If the MAX_CACHE_DURATION parameter is not sent by the publisher, the
   Objects can be cached until implementation constraints cause them to
   be evicted.

9.2.1.4.  PUBLISHER PRIORITY Parameter

   The PUBLISHER PRIORITY parameter (Parameter Type 0x0E) specifies the
   priority of a subscription relative to other subscriptions in the
   same session.  The value is from 0 to 255 and lower numbers get
   higher priority.  See Section 7.  Priorities above 255 are invalid.
   The PUBLISHER PRIORITY parameter is valid in SUBSCRIBE_OK and
   PUBLISH.  Subgroups and Datagrams for this subscription inherit this
   priority, unless they specifically override it.

   The subscription has Publisher Priorty 128 if this parameter is
   omitted.

9.2.1.5.  SUBSCRIBER PRIORITY Parameter

   The SUBSCRIBER_PRIORITY parameter (Parameter Type 0x20) MAY appear in
   a SUBSCRIBE, SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE, TRACK_STATUS, PUBLISH_OK or FETCH
   message.  It is an integer expressing the priority of a subscription
   relative to other subscriptions and fetch responses in the same
   session.  Lower numbers get higher priority.  See Section 7.  The
   range is restricted to 0-255.  If a publisher receives a value
   outside this range, it MUST close the session with
   PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

   If omitted from SUBSCRIBE, TRACK_STATUS, PUBLISH_OK or FETCH, the
   publisher uses the value 128.

9.2.1.6.  GROUP ORDER Parameter

   The GROUP_ORDER parameter (Parameter Type 0x22) MAY appear in a
   SUBSCRIBE, SUBSCRIBE_OK, TRACK_STATUS, REQUEST_OK (in response to
   TRACK_STATUS), PUBLISH, PUBLISH_OK or FETCH.





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   It is an enum indicating how to prioritize Objects from different
   groups within the same subscription (see Section 7), or how to order
   Groups in a Fetch response (see Section 9.16.3).  The allowed values
   are Ascending (0x1) or Descending (0x2).  If an endpoint receives a
   value outside this range, it MUST close the session with
   PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

   If omitted from SUBSCRIBE or TRACK_STATUS, the publisher's preference
   from SUBSCRIBE_OK or REQUEST_OK is used.  If omitted in PUBLISH_OK,
   the publisher's preference from PUBLISH is used.  If omitted from
   SUBSCRIBE_OK, REQUEST_OK, PUBLISH or FETCH, the receiver uses
   Ascending (0x1).

9.2.1.7.  SUBSCRIPTION FILTER Parameter

   The SUBSCRIPTION_FILTER parameter (Parameter Type 0x21) MAY appear in
   a SUBSCRIBE, TRACK_STATUS, PUBLISH_OK or SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE message.
   It is a length-prefixed Subscription Filter (see Section 5.1.2).  If
   the length of the Subscription Filter does not match the parameter
   length, the publisher MUST close the session with PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

   If omitted from SUBSCRIBE, TRACK_STATUS or PUBLISH_OK, the
   subscription is unfiltered.  If omitted from SUBSCRIBE_UDPATE, the
   value is unchanged.

9.2.1.8.  EXPIRES Parameter

   The EXPIRES parameter (Parameter Type 0x8) MAY appear in
   SUBSCRIBE_OK, PUBLISH or PUBLISH_OK (TODO: or REQUEST_OK).  It is a
   variable length integer encoding the time in milliseconds after which
   the sender of the parameter will terminate the subscription.  The
   sender will terminate the subscription using PUBLISH_DONE or
   UNSUBSCRIBE, depending on its role.  This value is advisory and the
   sender can terminate the subscription prior to or after the expiry
   time.

   The receiver of the parameter can extend the subscription by sending
   a SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE (TODO: SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE).  If the receiver of
   the parameter has one or more updated AUTHORIZATION_TOKENs, it SHOULD
   include those in the SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE.  Relays that send this
   parameter and applications that receive it MAY introduce jitter to
   prevent many endpoints from updating simultaneously.

   If the EXPIRES parameter is 0 or is not present in a message, the
   subscription does not expire or expires at an unknown time.






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9.2.1.9.  LARGEST OBJECT Parameter

   The LARGEST_OBJECT parameter (Parameter Type 0x9) MAY appear in
   SUBSCRIBE_OK, PUBLISH or in REQUEST_OK in response to
   SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE.  It is a length-prefixed Location structure (see
   Section 1.4.1) containing the largest Location in the Track observed
   by the sending endpoint (see Section 5.1.2.  If Objects have been
   published on this Track the Publisher MUST include this parameter.

   If omitted from a message, the sending endpoint has not published or
   received any Objects in the Track.

9.2.1.10.  FORWARD Parameter

   The FORWARD parameter (Parameter Type 0x10) MAY appear in SUBSCRIBE,
   SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE, PUBLISH, PUBLISH_OK, TRACK_STATUS, TRACK_STATUS_OK,
   and SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE.  It is a variable length integer specifying
   the Forwarding State on affected subscriptions (see Section 5.1).
   The allowed values are 0 (don't forward) or 1 (forward).  If an
   endpoint receives a value outside this range, it MUST close the
   session with PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

   If the parameter is omitted from SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE, the value for the
   subscription remains unchanged.  If the parameter is omitted from any
   other message, the default value is 1.

9.2.1.11.  DYNAMIC GROUPS Parameter

   The DYNAMIC_GROUPS parameter (parameter type 0x30) MAY appear in
   PUBLISH or SUBSCRIBE_OK.  Values larger than 1 are a Protocol
   Violation.  When the value is 1, it indicates that the subscriber can
   request the Original Publisher to start a new Group by including the
   NEW_GROUP_REQUEST parameter in PUBLISH_OK or SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE for
   this Track.

   Relays MUST preserve the value of this parameter received from an
   upstream publisher in SUBSCRIBE_OK or PUBLISH when sending these
   messages to downstream subscribers.

9.2.1.12.  NEW GROUP REQUEST Parameter

   The NEW_GROUP_REQUEST parameter (parameter type 0x32) MAY appear in
   PUBLISH_OK, SUBSCRIBE or SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE.  It is an integer
   representing the largest Group ID in the Track known by the
   subscriber, plus 1.  A value of 0 indicates that the subscriber has
   no Group information for the Track.  A subscriber MUST NOT send this
   parameter in PUBLISH_OK or SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE if the publisher did not
   include DYNAMIC_GROUPS=1 when establishing the subscription.  A



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   subscriber MAY include this parameter in SUBSCRIBE without
   foreknowledge of support.  If the original publisher does not support
   dynamic Groups, it ignores the parameter in that case.

   When an Original Publisher that supports dynamic Groups receives a
   NEW_GROUP_REQUEST with a value of 0 or a value larger than the
   current Group, it SHOULD end the current Group and begin a new Group
   as soon as practical.  The Original Publisher MAY delay the
   NEW_GROUP_REQUEST subject to implementation specific concerns, for
   example, acheiving a minimum duration for each Group.  The Original
   Publisher chooses the next Group ID; there are no requirements that
   it be equal to the NEW_GROUP_REQUEST parameter value.

   Relay Handling:

   A relay that receives a NEW_GROUP_REQUEST for a Track without an
   Established subscription MUST include the NEW_GROUP_REQUEST when
   subscribing upstream.

   A relay that receives a NEW_GROUP_REQUEST for an established
   subscription with a value of 0 or a value larger than the Largest
   Group MUST send a SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE including the NEW_GROUP_REQUEST to
   the publisher unless:

   1.  The Track does not support dynamic Groups

   2.  There is already an outstanding NEW_GROUP_REQUEST from this Relay
       with a greater or equal value

   If a relay receives a NEW_GROUP_REQUEST with a non-zero value less
   than or equal to the Largest Group, it does not send a
   NEW_GROUP_REQUEST upstream.

   After sending a NEW_GROUP_REQUEST upstream, the request is considered
   outstanding until the Largest Group increases.

9.3.  CLIENT_SETUP and SERVER_SETUP

   The CLIENT_SETUP and SERVER_SETUP messages are the first messages
   exchanged by the client and the server; they allow the endpoints to
   agree on the initial configuration before any control messsages are
   exchanged.  The messages contain a sequence of key-value pairs called
   Setup parameters; the semantics and format of which can vary based on
   whether the client or server is sending.  To ensure future
   extensibility of MOQT, endpoints MUST ignore unknown setup
   parameters.  TODO: describe GREASE for Setup Parameters.

   The wire format of the Setup messages are as follows:



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   CLIENT_SETUP Message {
     Type (i) = 0x20,
     Length (16),
     Number of Parameters (i),
     Setup Parameters (..) ...,
   }

   SERVER_SETUP Message {
     Type (i) = 0x21,
     Length (16),
     Number of Parameters (i),
     Setup Parameters (..) ...,
   }

                       Figure 5: MOQT Setup Messages

   The available Setup parameters are detailed in the next sections.

9.3.1.  Setup Parameters

9.3.1.1.  AUTHORITY

   The AUTHORITY parameter (Parameter Type 0x05) allows the client to
   specify the authority component of the MoQ URI when using native QUIC
   ([QUIC]).  It MUST NOT be used by the server, or when WebTransport is
   used.  When an AUTHORITY parameter is received from a server, or when
   an AUTHORITY parameter is received while WebTransport is used, or
   when an AUTHORITY parameter is received by a server but the server
   does not support the specified authority, the session MUST be closed
   with INVALID_AUTHORITY.

   The AUTHORITY parameter follows the URI formatting rules [RFC3986].
   When connecting to a server using a URI with the "moqt" scheme, the
   client MUST set the AUTHORITY parameter to the authority portion of
   the URI.  If an AUTHORITY parameter does not conform to these rules,
   the session MUST be closed with MALFORMED_AUTHORITY.

9.3.1.2.  PATH

   The PATH parameter (Parameter Type 0x01) allows the client to specify
   the path of the MoQ URI when using native QUIC ([QUIC]).  It MUST NOT
   be used by the server, or when WebTransport is used.  When a PATH
   parameter is received from a server, or when a PATH parameter is
   received while WebTransport is used, or when a PATH parameter is
   received by a server but the server does not support the specified
   path, the session MUST be closed with INVALID_PATH.





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   The PATH parameter follows the URI formatting rules [RFC3986].  When
   connecting to a server using a URI with the "moqt" scheme, the client
   MUST set the PATH parameter to the path-abempty portion of the URI;
   if query is present, the client MUST concatenate ?, followed by the
   query portion of the URI to the parameter.  If a PATH does not
   conform to these rules, the session MUST be closed with
   MALFORMED_PATH.

9.3.1.3.  MAX_REQUEST_ID

   The MAX_REQUEST_ID parameter (Parameter Type 0x02) communicates an
   initial value for the Maximum Request ID to the receiving endpoint.
   The default value is 0, so if not specified, the peer MUST NOT send
   requests.

9.3.1.4.  MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE

   The MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE parameter (Parameter Type 0x04)
   communicates the maximum size in bytes of all actively registered
   Authorization tokens that the endpoint is willing to store per
   Session.  This parameter is optional.  The default value is 0 which
   prohibits the use of token Aliases.

   The token size is calculated as 16 bytes + the size of the Token
   Value field (see Figure 4).  The total size as restricted by the
   MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE parameter is calculated as the sum of the
   token sizes for all registered tokens (Alias Type value of 0x01)
   minus the sum of the token sizes for all deregistered tokens (Alias
   Type value of 0x00), since Session initiation.

9.3.1.5.  AUTHORIZATION TOKEN

   See Section 9.2.1.1.  The endpoint can specify one or more tokens in
   CLIENT_SETUP or SERVER_SETUP that the peer can use to authorize MOQT
   session establishment.

   If a server receives an AUTHORIZATION TOKEN parameter in CLIENT_SETUP
   with Alias Type REGISTER that exceeds its MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE,
   it MUST NOT fail the session with AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_OVERFLOW.
   Instead, it MUST treat the parameter as Alias Type USE_VALUE.  A
   client MUST handle registration failures of this kind by purging any
   Token Aliases that failed to register based on the
   MAX_AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_SIZE parameter in SERVER_SETUP (or the default
   value of 0).







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9.3.1.6.  MOQT IMPLEMENTATION

   The MOQT_IMPLEMENTATION parameter (Parameter Type 0x07) identifies
   the name and version of the sender's MOQT implementation.  This
   SHOULD be a UTF-8 encoded string [RFC3629], though the message does
   not carry information, such as language tags, that would aid
   comprehension by any entity other than the one that created the text.

9.4.  GOAWAY

   An endpoint sends a GOAWAY message to inform the peer it intends to
   close the session soon.  Servers can use GOAWAY to initiate session
   migration (Section 3.5) with an optional URI.

   The GOAWAY message does not impact subscription state.  A subscriber
   SHOULD individually UNSUBSCRIBE for each existing subscription, while
   a publisher MAY reject new requests after sending a GOAWAY.

   Upon receiving a GOAWAY, an endpoint SHOULD NOT initiate new requests
   to the peer including SUBSCRIBE, PUBLISH, FETCH, PUBLISH_NAMESPACE,
   SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE and TRACK_SATUS.

   The endpoint MUST terminate the session with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION
   (Section 3.4) if it receives multiple GOAWAY messages.

   GOAWAY Message {
     Type (i) = 0x10,
     Length (16),
     New Session URI Length (i),
     New Session URI (..),
   }

                       Figure 6: MOQT GOAWAY Message

   *  New Session URI: When received by a client, indicates where the
      client can connect to continue this session.  The client MUST use
      this URI for the new session if provided.  If the URI is zero
      bytes long, the current URI is reused instead.  The new session
      URI SHOULD use the same scheme as the current URI to ensure
      compatibility.  The maxmimum length of the New Session URI is
      8,192 bytes.  If an endpoint receives a length exceeding the
      maximum, it MUST close the session with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

      If a server receives a GOAWAY with a non-zero New Session URI
      Length it MUST terminate the session with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.






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9.5.  MAX_REQUEST_ID

   An endpoint sends a MAX_REQUEST_ID message to increase the number of
   requests the peer can send within a session.

   The Maximum Request ID MUST only increase within a session, and
   receipt of a MAX_REQUEST_ID message with an equal or smaller Request
   ID value is a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

   MAX_REQUEST_ID Message {
     Type (i) = 0x15,
     Length (16),
     Max Request ID (i),
   }

                   Figure 7: MOQT MAX_REQUEST_ID Message

   *  Max Request ID: The new Maximum Request ID for the session plus 1.
      If a Request ID equal to or larger than this is received by the
      endpoint that sent the MAX_REQUEST_ID in any request message
      (PUBLISH_NAMESPACE, FETCH, SUBSCRIBE, SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE,
      SUBSCRIBE_UDPATE or TRACK_STATUS), the endpoint MUST close the
      session with an error of TOO_MANY_REQUESTS.

   MAX_REQUEST_ID is similar to MAX_STREAMS in ([RFC9000], Section 4.6),
   and similar considerations apply when deciding how often to send
   MAX_REQUEST_ID.  For example, implementations might choose to
   increase MAX_REQUEST_ID as subscriptions are closed to keep the
   number of available subscriptions roughly consistent.

9.6.  REQUESTS_BLOCKED

   The REQUESTS_BLOCKED message is sent when an endpoint would like to
   send a new request, but cannot because the Request ID would exceed
   the Maximum Request ID value sent by the peer.  The endpoint SHOULD
   send only one REQUESTS_BLOCKED for a given Maximum Request ID.

   An endpoint MAY send a MAX_REQUEST_ID upon receipt of
   REQUESTS_BLOCKED, but it MUST NOT rely on REQUESTS_BLOCKED to trigger
   sending a MAX_REQUEST_ID, because sending REQUESTS_BLOCKED is not
   required.

   REQUESTS_BLOCKED Message {
     Type (i) = 0x1A,
     Length (16),
     Maximum Request ID (i),
   }




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                  Figure 8: MOQT REQUESTS_BLOCKED Message

   *  Maximum Request ID: The Maximum Request ID for the session on
      which the endpoint is blocked.  More on Request ID in Section 9.1.

9.7.  REQUEST_OK

   The REQUEST_OK message is sent to a response to SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE,
   TRACK_STATUS, SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE and PUBLISH_NAMESPACE requests.
   The unique request ID in the REQUEST_OK is used to associate it with
   the correct type of request.

   REQUEST_OK Message {
     Type (i) = 0x7,
     Length (16),
     Request ID (i),
     Number of Parameters (i),
     Parameters (..) ...
   }

                     Figure 9: MOQT REQUEST_OK Message

   *  Request ID: The Request ID to which this message is replying.

   *  Parameters: The parameters are defined in Section 9.2.1.

9.8.  REQUEST_ERROR

   The REQUEST_ERROR message is sent to a response to any request
   (SUBSCRIBE, FETCH, PUBLISH, SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE, PUBLISH_NAMESPACE,
   TRACK_STATUS).  The unique request ID in the REQUEST_ERROR is used to
   associate it with the correct type of request.

   REQUEST_ERROR Message {
     Type (i) = 0x5,
     Length (16),
     Request ID (i),
     Error Code (i),
     Error Reason (Reason Phrase),
   }

                   Figure 10: MOQT REQUEST_ERROR Message

   *  Request ID: The Request ID to which this message is replying.

   *  Error Code: Identifies an integer error code for request failure.





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   *  Error Reason: Provides a text description of the request error.
      See Section 1.4.3.

   The application SHOULD use a relevant error code in REQUEST_ERROR, as
   defined below.  Most codepoints have identical meanings for various
   request types, but some have request-specific meanings.

   INTERNAL_ERROR (0x0):  An implementation specific or generic error
      occurred.

   UNAUTHORIZED (0x1):  The subscriber is not authorized to perform the
      requested action on the given track.

   TIMEOUT (0x2):  The subscription could not be completed before an
      implementation specific timeout.  For example, a relay could not
      establish an upstream subscription within the timeout.

   NOT_SUPPORTED (0x3):  The endpoint does not support the type of
      request.

   MALFORMED_AUTH_TOKEN (0x4):  Invalid Auth Token serialization during
      registration (see Section 9.2.1.1).

   EXPIRED_AUTH_TOKEN (0x5):  Authorization token has expired
      (Section 9.2.1.1).

   Below are errors for use by the publisher.  They can appear in
   response to SUBSCRIBE, FETCH, TRACK_STATUS, and SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE,
   unless otherwise noted.

   DOES_NOT_EXIST (0x10):  The track or namespace is not available at
      the publisher.

   INVALID_RANGE (0x11):  In response to SUBSCRIBE or FETCH, specified
      Filter or range of Locations cannot be satisfied.

   MALFORMED_TRACK (0x12):  In response to a FETCH, a relay publisher
      detected the track was malformed (see Section 2.4.2).

   The following are errors for use by the subscriber.  They can appear
   in response to PUBLISH or PUBLISH_NAMESPACE, unless otherwise noted.

   UNINTERESTED (0x20):  The subscriber is not interested in the track
      or namespace.

   Errors below can only be used in response to one message type.

   PREFIX_OVERLAP (0x30):  In response to SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE, the



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      namespace prefix overlaps with another SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE in the
      same session.

   INVALID_JOINING_REQUEST_ID(0x32):  In response to a Joining FETCH,
      the referenced Request ID is not an Established Subscription.

   UNKNOWN_STATUS_IN_RANGE(0x33):  In response to a FETCH, the requested
      range contains an object with unknown status.

9.9.  SUBSCRIBE

   A subscription causes the publisher to send newly published objects
   for a track.  A subscriber MUST NOT establish multiple concurrent
   subscriptions for a track within a single session and publishers
   SHOULD treat this as a protocol violation.

   Subscribe only requests newly published or received Objects.  Objects
   from the past are retrieved using FETCH (Section 9.16).

   The format of SUBSCRIBE is as follows:

   SUBSCRIBE Message {
     Type (i) = 0x3,
     Length (16),
     Request ID (i),
     Track Namespace (..),
     Track Name Length (i),
     Track Name (..),
     Number of Parameters (i),
     Parameters (..) ...
   }

                     Figure 11: MOQT SUBSCRIBE Message

   *  Request ID: See Section 9.1.

   *  Track Namespace: Identifies the namespace of the track as defined
      in (Section 2.4.1).

   *  Track Name: Identifies the track name as defined in
      (Section 2.4.1).

   *  Parameters: The parameters are defined in Section 9.2.1.

   On successful subscription, the publisher MUST reply with a
   SUBSCRIBE_OK, allowing the subscriber to determine the start group/
   object when not explicitly specified, and start sending objects.




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   If the publisher cannot satisfy the requested Subscription Filter
   (see Section 9.2.1.7) or if the entire End Group has already been
   published it SHOULD send a REQUEST_ERROR with code INVALID_RANGE.  A
   publisher MUST NOT send objects from outside the requested range.

   Subscribing with the FORWARD parameter (Section 9.2.1.10) equal to 0
   allows publisher or relay to prepare to serve the subscription in
   advance, reducing the time to receive objects in the future.

9.10.  SUBSCRIBE_OK

   A publisher sends a SUBSCRIBE_OK control message for successful
   subscriptions.

   SUBSCRIBE_OK Message {
     Type (i) = 0x4,
     Length (16),
     Request ID (i),
     Track Alias (i),
     Number of Parameters (i),
     Parameters (..) ...
   }

                    Figure 12: MOQT SUBSCRIBE_OK Message

   *  Request ID: The Request ID of the SUBSCRIBE this message is
      replying to Section 9.9.

   *  Track Alias: The identifer used for this track in Subgroups or
      Datagrams (see Section 10.1).  The same Track Alias MUST NOT be
      used to refer to two different Tracks simultaneously.  If a
      subscriber receives a SUBSCRIBE_OK that uses the same Track Alias
      as a different track with an Established subscription, it MUST
      close the session with error DUPLICATE_TRACK_ALIAS.

   *  Parameters: The parameters are defined in Section 9.2.1.

9.11.  SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE

   A subscriber sends a SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE to a publisher to modify an
   existing subscription.

   When updating the Subscription Filter (see Section 5.1.2), the Start
   Location MUST not decrease, as an attempt to to do so could fail.  If
   Objects with Locations smaller than the current subscription's
   Largest Location are required, FETCH can be used to retrieve them.  A
   publisher MUST terminate the session with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION if the
   SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE violates this rule.



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   When a subscriber narrows their subscription (increase the Start
   Location and/or decrease the End Group), it might still receive
   objects outside the new range if the publisher sent them before the
   update was processed.  When a subscriber increases the End Location,
   the Largest Object at the publisher might already be larger than the
   previous End Location.  This will create a gap in the subscription.
   The REQUEST_OK in response to the SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE will include the
   LARGEST_OBJECT parameter, and the subscriber can issue a FETCH to
   retrieve the omitted Objects, if any.

   The receiver of a SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE MUST respond with exactly one
   REQUEST_OK or REQUEST_ERROR message indicating if the update was
   successful.  When an update is unsuccessful, the publisher MUST also
   terminate the subscription with PUBLISH_DONE with error code
   UPDATE_FAILED.

   Like SUBSCRIBE, End Group MUST be greater than or equal to the Group
   specified in Start.

   If a parameter previously set on the subscription in SUBSCRIBE,
   PUBLISH_OK or SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE is not present in SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE,
   its value remains unchanged.

   There is no mechanism to remove a parameter from a subscription.

   The format of SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE is as follows:

   SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE Message {
     Type (i) = 0x2,
     Length (16),
     Request ID (i),
     Subscription Request ID (i),
     Number of Parameters (i),
     Parameters (..) ...
   }

                  Figure 13: MOQT SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE Message

   *  Request ID: See Section 9.1.

   *  Subscription Request ID: The Request ID of the SUBSCRIBE
      (Section 9.9) this message is updating.  This MUST match an
      existing Request ID.  The publisher MUST close the session with `
      PROTOCOL_VIOLATION if the subscriber specifies an invalid
      Subscription Request ID.

   *  Parameters: The parameters are defined in Section 9.2.1.




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9.12.  UNSUBSCRIBE

   A Subscriber issues an UNSUBSCRIBE message to a Publisher indicating
   it is no longer interested in receiving the specified Track,
   indicating that the Publisher stop sending Objects as soon as
   possible.

   The format of UNSUBSCRIBE is as follows:

   UNSUBSCRIBE Message {
     Type (i) = 0xA,
     Length (16),
     Request ID (i)
   }

                    Figure 14: MOQT UNSUBSCRIBE Message

   *  Request ID: The Request ID of the subscription that is being
      terminated.  See Section 9.9.

9.13.  PUBLISH

   The publisher sends the PUBLISH control message to initiate a
   subscription to a track.  The receiver verifies the publisher is
   authorized to publish this track.

   PUBLISH Message {
     Type (i) = 0x1D,
     Length (16),
     Request ID (i),
     Track Namespace (..),
     Track Name Length (i),
     Track Name (..),
     Track Alias (i),
     Number of Parameters (i),
     Parameters (..) ...
   }

                      Figure 15: MOQT PUBLISH Message

   *  Request ID: See Section 9.1.

   *  Track Namespace: Identifies a track's namespace as defined in
      (Section 2.4.1)

   *  Track Name: Identifies the track name as defined in
      (Section 2.4.1).




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   *  Track Alias: The identifer used for this track in Subgroups or
      Datagrams (see Section 10.1).  The same Track Alias MUST NOT be
      used to refer to two different Tracks simultaneously.  If a
      subscriber receives a PUBLISH that uses the same Track Alias as a
      different track with an Established subscription, it MUST close
      the session with error DUPLICATE_TRACK_ALIAS.

   *  Parameters: The parameters are defined in Section 9.2.1.

   A subscriber receiving a PUBLISH for a Track it does not wish to
   receive SHOULD send REQUEST_ERROR with error code UNINTERESTED, and
   abandon reading any publisher initiated streams associated with that
   subscription using a STOP_SENDING frame.

   A publisher that sends the FORWARD parameter (Section 9.2.1.10) equal
   to 0 indicates that it will not transmit any objects until the
   subscriber sets the Forward State to 1.  If the FORWARD parameter is
   omitted or equal to 1, the publisher will start transmitting objects
   immediately, possibly before PUBLISH_OK.

9.14.  PUBLISH_OK

   The subscriber sends a PUBLISH_OK control message to acknowledge the
   successful authorization and acceptance of a PUBLISH message, and
   establish a subscription.

   PUBLISH_OK Message {
     Type (i) = 0x1E,
     Length (16),
     Request ID (i),
     Number of Parameters (i),
     Parameters (..) ...,
   }

                     Figure 16: MOQT PUBLISH_OK Message

   *  Request ID: The Request ID of the PUBLISH this message is replying
      to Section 9.13.

   *  Parameters: The parameters are defined in Section 9.2.1.

   TODO: A similar section to SUBSCRIBE about how the publisher handles
   a filter that is entirely behind Largest Object or is otherwise
   invalid.







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9.15.  PUBLISH_DONE

   A publisher sends a PUBLISH_DONE message to indicate it is done
   publishing Objects for that subscription.  The Status Code indicates
   why the subscription ended, and whether it was an error.  Because
   PUBLISH_DONE is sent on the control stream, it is likely to arrive at
   the receiver before late-arriving objects, and often even late-
   opening streams.  However, the receiver uses it as an indication that
   it should receive any late-opening streams in a relatively short
   time.

   Note that some objects in the subscribed track might never be
   delivered, because a stream was reset, or never opened in the first
   place, due to the delivery timeout.

   A sender MUST NOT send PUBLISH_DONE until it has closed all streams
   it will ever open, and has no further datagrams to send, for a
   subscription.  After sending PUBLISH_DONE, the sender can immediately
   destroy subscription state, although stream state can persist until
   delivery completes.  The sender might persist subscription state to
   enforce the delivery timeout by resetting streams on which it has
   already sent FIN, only deleting it when all such streams have
   received ACK of the FIN.

   A sender MUST NOT destroy subscription state until it sends
   PUBLISH_DONE, though it can choose to stop sending objects (and thus
   send PUBLISH_DONE) for any reason.

   A subscriber that receives PUBLISH_DONE SHOULD set a timer of at
   least its delivery timeout in case some objects are still inbound due
   to prioritization or packet loss.  The subscriber MAY dispense with a
   timer if it sent UNSUBSCRIBE or is otherwise no longer interested in
   objects from the track.  Once the timer has expired, the receiver
   destroys subscription state once all open streams for the
   subscription have closed.  A subscriber MAY discard subscription
   state earlier, at the cost of potentially not delivering some late
   objects to the application.  The subscriber SHOULD send STOP_SENDING
   on all streams related to the subscription when it deletes
   subscription state.

   The format of PUBLISH_DONE is as follows:










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   PUBLISH_DONE Message {
     Type (i) = 0xB,
     Length (16),
     Request ID (i),
     Status Code (i),
     Stream Count (i),
     Error Reason (Reason Phrase)
   }

                    Figure 17: MOQT PUBLISH_DONE Message

   *  Request ID: The Request ID of the subscription that is being
      terminated.  See Section 9.9.

   *  Status Code: An integer status code indicating why the
      subscription ended.

   *  Stream Count: An integer indicating the number of data streams the
      publisher opened for this subscription.  This helps the subscriber
      know if it has received all of the data published in this
      subscription by comparing the number of streams received.  The
      subscriber can immediately remove all subscription state once the
      same number of streams have been processed.  If the track had
      Forwarding Preference = Datagram, the publisher MUST set Stream
      Count to 0.  If the publisher is unable to set Stream Count to the
      exact number of streams opened for the subscription, it MUST set
      Stream Count to 2^62 - 1.  Subscribers SHOULD use a timeout or
      other mechanism to remove subscription state in case the publisher
      set an incorrect value, reset a stream before the SUBGROUP_HEADER,
      or set the maximum value.  If a subscriber receives more streams
      for a subscription than specified in Stream Count, it MAY close
      the session with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

   *  Error Reason: Provides the reason for subscription error.  See
      Section 1.4.3.

   The application SHOULD use a relevant status code in PUBLISH_DONE, as
   defined below:

   INTERNAL_ERROR (0x0):  An implementation specific or generic error
      occurred.

   UNAUTHORIZED (0x1):  The subscriber is no longer authorized to
      subscribe to the given track.

   TRACK_ENDED (0x2):  The track is no longer being published.

   SUBSCRIPTION_ENDED (0x3):  The publisher reached the end of an



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      associated subscription filter.

   GOING_AWAY (0x4):  The subscriber or publisher issued a GOAWAY
      message.

   EXPIRED (0x5):  The publisher reached the timeout specified in
      SUBSCRIBE_OK.

   TOO_FAR_BEHIND (0x6):  The publisher's queue of objects to be sent to
      the given subscriber exceeds its implementation defined limit.

   MALFORMED_TRACK (0x7):  A relay publisher detected the track was
      malformed (see Section 2.4.2).

   UPDATE_FAILED (0x8):  SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE failed on this subscription
      (see Section 9.11).

9.16.  FETCH

   A subscriber issues a FETCH to a publisher to request a range of
   already published objects within a track.

   There are three types of Fetch messages.

                     +======+========================+
                     | Code | Fetch Type             |
                     +======+========================+
                     | 0x1  | Standalone Fetch       |
                     +------+------------------------+
                     | 0x2  | Relative Joining Fetch |
                     +------+------------------------+
                     | 0x3  | Absolute Joining Fetch |
                     +------+------------------------+

                                  Table 2

   An endpoint that receives a Fetch Type other than 0x1, 0x2 or 0x3
   MUST close the session with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

9.16.1.  Standalone Fetch

   A Fetch of Objects performed independently of any Subscribe.

   A Standalone Fetch includes this structure:







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   Standalone Fetch {
     Track Namespace (..),
     Track Name Length (i),
     Track Name (..),
     Start Location (Location),
     End Location (Location)
   }

   *  Track Namespace: Identifies the namespace of the track as defined
      in (Section 2.4.1).

   *  Track Name: Identifies the track name as defined in
      (Section 2.4.1).

   *  Start Location: The start Location.

   *  End Location: The end Location, plus 1.  A Location.Object value
      of 0 means the entire group is requested.

9.16.2.  Joining Fetches

   A Joining Fetch is associated with a Subscribe request by specifying
   the Request ID of an Established subscription.  A publisher receiving
   a Joining Fetch uses properties of the associated Subscribe to
   determine the Track Namespace, Track Name and End Location such that
   it is contiguous with the associated Subscribe.  The subscriber can
   set the Start Location to an absolute Location or a Location relative
   to the current group.

   A Subscriber can use a Joining Fetch to, for example, fill a playback
   buffer with a certain number of groups prior to the live edge of a
   track.

   A Joining Fetch is only permitted when the associated Subscribe has
   the Filter Type Largest Object; any other value results in closing
   the session with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

   If no Objects have been published for the track, and the SUBSCRIBE_OK
   did not include a LARGEST_OBJECT parameter (Section 9.2.1.9), the
   publisher MUST respond with a REQUEST_ERROR with error code
   INVALID_RANGE.

   A Joining Fetch includes this structure:

   Joining Fetch {
     Joining Request ID (i),
     Joining Start (i)
   }



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   *  Joining Request ID: The Request ID of the existing subscription to
      be joined.  If a publisher receives a Joining Fetch with a Request
      ID that does not correspond to an existing Subscribe in the same
      session, it MUST return a REQUEST_ERROR with error code
      INVALID_JOINING_REQUEST_ID

   *  Joining Start : A relative or absolute value used to determing the
      Start Location, described below.

9.16.2.1.  Joining Fetch Range Calculation

   The Largest Location value from the corresponding subscription is
   used to calculate the end of a Joining Fetch, so the Objects
   retrieved by the FETCH and SUBSCRIBE are contiguous and non-
   overlapping.

   The publisher receiving a Joining Fetch sets the End Location to
   {Subscribe Largest Location.Object + 1}. Here Subscribe Largest
   Location is the saved value from when the subscription started (see
   Section 5.1).

   Note: the last Object included in the Joining FETCH response is
   Subscribe Largest Location.  The + 1 above indicates the equivalent
   Standalone Fetch encoding.

   For a Relative Joining Fetch, the publisher sets the Start Location
   to {Subscribe Largest Location.Group - Joining Start, 0}.

   For an Absolute Joining Fetch, the publisher sets the Start Location
   to {Joining Start, 0}.

9.16.3.  Fetch Handling

   The format of FETCH is as follows:

   FETCH Message {
     Type (i) = 0x16,
     Length (16),
     Request ID (i),
     Fetch Type (i),
     [Standalone (Standalone Fetch),]
     [Joining (Joining Fetch),]
     Number of Parameters (i),
     Parameters (..) ...
   }

                       Figure 18: MOQT FETCH Message




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   *  Request ID: See Section 9.1.

   *  Fetch Type: Identifies the type of Fetch, whether Standalone,
      Relative Joining or Absolute Joining.

   *  Standalone: Standalone Fetch structure included when Fetch Type is
      0x1

   *  Joining: Joining Fetch structure included when Fetch Type is 0x2
      or 0x3.

   *  Parameters: The parameters are defined in Section 9.2.1.

   A publisher responds to a FETCH request with either a FETCH_OK or a
   REQUEST_ERROR message.  The publisher creates a new unidirectional
   stream that is used to send the Objects.  The FETCH_OK or
   REQUEST_ERROR can come at any time relative to object delivery.

   The publisher responding to a FETCH is responsible for delivering all
   available Objects in the requested range in the requested order (see
   Section 9.2.1.6).  The Objects in the response are delivered on a
   single unidirectional stream.  Any gaps in the Group and Object IDs
   in the response stream indicate objects that do not exist (eg: they
   implicitly have status Object Does Not Exist).  For Ascending Group
   Order this includes ranges between the first requested object and the
   first object in the stream; between objects in the stream; and
   between the last object in the stream and the Largest Group/Object
   indicated in FETCH_OK, so long as the fetch stream is terminated by a
   FIN.  If no Objects exist in the requested range, the publisher opens
   the unidirectional stream, sends the FETCH_HEADER (see
   Section 10.4.4) and closes the stream with a FIN.

   A relay that has cached objects from the beginning of the range MAY
   start sending objects immediately in response to a FETCH.  If it
   encounters an object in the requested range that is not cached and
   has unknown status, the relay MUST pause subsequent delivery until it
   has confirmed the object's status upstream.  If the upstream FETCH
   fails, the relay sends a REQUEST_ERROR and can reset the
   unidirectional stream.  It can choose to do so immediately or wait
   until the cached objects have been delivered before resetting the
   stream.

   The Object Forwarding Preference does not apply to fetches.

   Fetch specifies an inclusive range of Objects starting at Start
   Location and ending at End Location.  End Location MUST specify the
   same or a larger Location than Start Location for Standalone and
   Absolute Joining Fetches.



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   Objects that are not yet published will not be retrieved by a FETCH.
   The Largest available Object in the requested range is indicated in
   the FETCH_OK, and is the last Object a fetch will return if the End
   Location have not yet been published.

   If Start Location is greater than the Largest Object (Section 9.9)
   the publisher MUST return REQUEST_ERROR with error code
   INVALID_RANGE.

   A publisher MUST send fetched groups in the requested group order,
   either ascending or descending.  Within each group, objects are sent
   in Object ID order; subgroup ID is not used for ordering.

   If an Original Publisher receives a FETCH with a range that includes
   an object with unknown status, it MUST return REQUEST_ERROR with code
   UNKNOWN_STATUS_IN_RANGE.

9.17.  FETCH_OK

   A publisher sends a FETCH_OK control message in response to
   successful fetches.  A publisher MAY send Objects in response to a
   FETCH before the FETCH_OK message is sent, but the FETCH_OK MUST NOT
   be sent until the End Location is known.

   FETCH_OK Message {
     Type (i) = 0x18,
     Length (16),
     Request ID (i),
     End Of Track (8),
     End Location (Location),
     Number of Parameters (i),
     Parameters (..) ...
   }

                      Figure 19: MOQT FETCH_OK Message

   *  Request ID: The Request ID of the FETCH this message is replying
      to Section 9.9.

   *  End Of Track: 1 if all Objects have been published on this Track,
      and the End Location is the final Object in the Track, 0 if not.

   *  End Location: The largest object covered by the FETCH response.
      The End Location is determined as follows:

      -  If the requested FETCH End Location was beyond the Largest
         known (possibly final) Object, End Location is {Largest.Group,
         Largest.Object + 1}



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      -  If End Location.Object in the FETCH request was 0 and the
         response covers the last Object in the Group, End Location is
         {Fetch.End Location.Group, 0}

      -  Otherwise, End Location is Fetch.End Location Where Fetch.End
         Location is either Fetch.Standalone.End Location or the
         computed End Location described in Section 9.16.2.1.

      If the relay is subscribed to the track, it uses its knowledge of
      the largest {Group, Object} to set End Location.  If it is not
      subscribed and the requested End Location exceeds its cached data,
      the relay makes an upstream request to complete the FETCH, and
      uses the upstream response to set End Location.

      If End Location is smaller than the Start Location in the
      corresponding FETCH the receiver MUST close the session with a
      PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

   *  Parameters: The parameters are defined in Section 9.2.1.

9.18.  FETCH_CANCEL

   A subscriber sends a FETCH_CANCEL message to a publisher to indicate
   it is no longer interested in receiving objects for the fetch
   identified by the 'Request ID'.  The publisher SHOULD promptly close
   the unidirectional stream, even if it is in the middle of delivering
   an object.

   The format of FETCH_CANCEL is as follows:

   FETCH_CANCEL Message {
     Type (i) = 0x17,
     Length (16),
     Request ID (i)
   }

                    Figure 20: MOQT FETCH_CANCEL Message

   *  Request ID: The Request ID of the FETCH (Section 9.16) this
      message is cancelling.

9.19.  TRACK_STATUS

   A potential subscriber sends a TRACK_STATUS message on the control
   stream to obtain information about the current status of a given
   track.





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   The TRACK_STATUS message format is identical to the SUBSCRIBE message
   (Section 9.9).

   The receiver of a TRACK_STATUS message treats it identically as if it
   had received a SUBSCRIBE message, except it does not create
   downstream subscription state or send any Objects.  If successful,
   the publisher responds with a REQUEST_OK message with the same
   parameters it would have set in a SUBSCRIBE_OK.  Track Alias is not
   used.  A publisher responds to a failed TRACK_STATUS with an
   appropriate REQUEST_ERROR message.

   Relays without an Established subscription MAY forward TRACK_STATUS
   to one or more publishers, or MAY initiate a subscription (subject to
   authorization) as described in Section 8.5 to determine the response.
   The publisher does not send PUBLISH_DONE for this request, and the
   subscriber cannot send SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE or UNSUBSCRIBE.

9.20.  PUBLISH_NAMESPACE

   The publisher sends the PUBLISH_NAMESPACE control message to
   advertise that it has tracks available within a Track Namespace.  The
   receiver verifies the publisher is authorized to publish tracks under
   this namespace.

   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE Message {
     Type (i) = 0x6,
     Length (16),
     Request ID (i),
     Track Namespace (..),
     Number of Parameters (i),
     Parameters (..) ...
   }

                 Figure 21: MOQT PUBLISH_NAMESPACE Message

   *  Request ID: See Section 9.1.

   *  Track Namespace: Identifies a track's namespace as defined in
      Section 2.4.1.

   *  Parameters: The parameters are defined in Section 9.2.1.

9.21.  PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE

   The publisher sends the PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE control message to
   indicate its intent to stop serving new subscriptions for tracks
   within the provided Track Namespace.




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   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE Message {
     Type (i) = 0x9,
     Length (16),
     Track Namespace (..)
   }

               Figure 22: MOQT PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE Message

   *  Track Namespace: Identifies a track's namespace as defined in
      Section 2.4.1.

9.22.  PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_CANCEL

   The subscriber sends an PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_CANCEL control message to
   indicate it will stop sending new subscriptions for tracks within the
   provided Track Namespace.

   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_CANCEL Message {
     Type (i) = 0xC,
     Length (16),
     Track Namespace (..),
     Error Code (i),
     Error Reason (Reason Phrase)
   }

              Figure 23: MOQT PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_CANCEL Message

   *  Track Namespace: Identifies a track's namespace as defined in
      Section 2.4.1.

   *  Error Code: Identifies an integer error code for canceling the
      publish.  PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_CANCEL uses the same error codes as
      REQUEST_ERROR (Section 9.8) that responds to PUBLISH_NAMESPACE.

   *  Error Reason: Provides the reason for publish cancelation.  See
      Section 1.4.3.

9.23.  SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE

   The subscriber sends the SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE control message to a
   publisher to request the current set of matching published namespaces
   and established subscriptions, as well as future updates to the set.









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   SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE Message {
     Type (i) = 0x11,
     Length (16),
     Request ID (i),
     Track Namespace Prefix (..),
     Number of Parameters (i),
     Parameters (..) ...
   }

                Figure 24: MOQT SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE Message

   *  Request ID: See Section 9.1.

   *  Track Namespace Prefix: A Track Namespace structure as described
      in Section 2.4.1 with between 1 and 32 Track Namespace Fields.
      This prefix is matched against track namespaces known to the
      publisher.  For example, if the publisher is a relay that has
      received PUBLISH_NAMESPACE messages for namespaces ("example.com",
      "meeting=123", "participant=100") and ("example.com",
      "meeting=123", "participant=200"), a SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE for
      ("example.com", "meeting=123") would match both.  If an endpoint
      receives a Track Namespace Prefix consisting of 0 or greater than
      than 32 Track Namespace Fields, it MUST close the session with a
      PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

   *  Parameters: The parameters are defined in Section 9.2.1.

   The publisher will respond with REQUEST_OK or REQUEST_ERROR.  If the
   SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE is successful, the publisher will immediately
   forward existing PUBLISH_NAMESPACE and PUBLISH messages that match
   the Track Namespace Prefix that have not already been sent to this
   subscriber.  If the set of matching PUBLISH_NAMESPACE messages
   changes, the publisher sends the corresponding PUBLISH_NAMESPACE or
   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE message.

   A subscriber cannot make overlapping namespace subscriptions on a
   single session.  Within a session, if a publisher receives a
   SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE with a Track Namespace Prefix that shares a
   common prefix with an established namespace subscription, it MUST
   respond with REQUEST_ERROR with error code PREFIX_OVERLAP.

   The publisher MUST ensure the subscriber is authorized to perform
   this namespace subscription.








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   SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE is not required for a publisher to send
   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE, PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE or PUBLISH messages to a
   subscriber.  It is useful in applications or relays where subscribers
   are only interested in or authorized to access a subset of available
   namespaces and tracks.

   If the FORWARD parameter (Section 9.2.1.10) is present in this
   message and equal to 0, PUBLISH messages resulting from this
   SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE will set the FORWARD parameter to 0.  If the
   FORWARD parameter is equal to 1 or omitted from this message, PUBLISH
   messages resulting from this SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE will set the FORWARD
   parameter to 1, or indicate that value by omitting the parameter (see
   Section 5.1).

9.24.  UNSUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE

   A subscriber issues a UNSUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE message to a publisher
   indicating it is no longer interested in PUBLISH_NAMESPACE,
   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE and PUBLISH messages for the specified track
   namespace prefix.

   The format of UNSUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE is as follows:

   UNSUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE Message {
     Type (i) = 0x14,
     Length (16),
     Request ID (i),
   }

               Figure 25: MOQT UNSUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE Message

   *  Request ID: The Request ID of the SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE
      (Section 9.23) being cancelled by this message.

10.  Data Streams and Datagrams

   A publisher sends Objects matching a subscription on Data Streams or
   Datagrams and sends Objects matching a FETCH request on one Data
   Stream.

   All unidirectional MOQT streams start with a variable-length integer
   indicating the type of the stream in question.









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             +===========+==================================+
             |        ID | Type                             |
             +===========+==================================+
             | 0x10-0x1D | SUBGROUP_HEADER (Section 10.4.2) |
             +-----------+----------------------------------+
             |      0x05 | FETCH_HEADER (Section 10.4.4)    |
             +-----------+----------------------------------+

                                 Table 3

   All MOQT datagrams start with a variable-length integer indicating
   the type of the datagram.

     +===========================+==================================+
     |                        ID | Type                             |
     +===========================+==================================+
     | 0x00-0x07,0x20-21,0x24-25 | OBJECT_DATAGRAM (Section 10.3.1) |
     +---------------------------+----------------------------------+

                                 Table 4

   An endpoint that receives an unknown stream or datagram type MUST
   close the session.

   Every Track has a single 'Object Forwarding Preference' and the
   Original Publisher MUST NOT mix different forwarding preferences
   within a single track (see Section 2.4.2).

10.1.  Track Alias

   To optimize wire efficiency, Subgroups and Datagrams refer to a track
   by a numeric identifier, rather than the Full Track Name.  Track
   Alias is chosen by the publisher and included in SUBSCRIBE_OK
   (Section 9.10) or PUBLISH (Section 9.13).

   Objects can arrive after a subscription has been cancelled.
   Subscribers SHOULD retain sufficient state to quickly discard these
   unwanted Objects, rather than treating them as belonging to an
   unknown Track Alias.

10.2.  Objects

   An Object contains a range of contiguous bytes from the specified
   track, as well as associated metadata required to deliver, cache, and
   forward it.  Objects are sent by publishers.






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10.2.1.  Canonical Object Properties

   A canonical MoQ Object has the following information:

   *  Track Namespace and Track Name: The track this object belongs to.

   *  Group ID: The identifier of the Object's Group (see Section 2.3)
      within the Track.

   *  Object ID: The order of the object within the group.

   *  Publisher Priority: An 8 bit integer indicating the publisher's
      priority for the Object (Section 7).

   *  Object Forwarding Preference: An enumeration indicating how a
      publisher sends an object.  The preferences are Subgroup and
      Datagram.  Note that the Original Publisher determines the
      Forwarding Preference for the entire Track, and is a Track
      property that is implicitly signaled by the delivery of any Object
      using either Subgroups or Datagrams.  Once the property is
      established for one Object of a Track, the same value MUST be used
      for all Objects of the Track.  In a subscription, an Object MUST
      be sent according to its Object Forwarding Preference.

   *  Subgroup ID: The identifier of the Object's Subgroup (see
      Section 2.2) within the Group.  This field is omitted if the
      Object Forwarding Preference is Datagram.

   *  Object Status: An enumeration used to indicate missing objects or
      mark the end of a group or track.  See Section 10.2.1.1 below.

   *  Object Extension Length: The total length of the Object Extension
      Headers block, in bytes.

   *  Object Extensions : A sequence of Object Extension Headers.  See
      Section 10.2.1.2 below.

   *  Object Payload: An opaque payload intended for an End Subscriber
      and SHOULD NOT be processed by a relay.  Only present when 'Object
      Status' is Normal (0x0).

10.2.1.1.  Object Status

   The Object Status informs subscribers what objects will not be
   received because they were never produced, are no longer available,
   or because they are beyond the end of a group or track.

   Status can have following values:



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   *  0x0 := Normal object.  This status is implicit for any non-zero
      length object.  Zero-length objects explicitly encode the Normal
      status.

   *  0x1 := Indicates Object Does Not Exist.  Indicates that this
      Object does not exist at any publisher and it will not be
      published in the future.  This SHOULD be cached.

   *  0x3 := Indicates End of Group.  Object ID is one greater than the
      largest Object produced in the Group identified by the Group ID.
      If the Object ID is 0, it indicates there are no Objects in this
      Group.  This SHOULD be cached.  A publisher MAY use an end of
      Group object to signal the end of all open Subgroups in a Group.
      A non-zero-length Object can be the End of Group, as signaled in
      the DATAGRAM or SUBGROUP_HEADER Type field (see Section 10.3.1 and
      Section 10.4.2).

   *  0x4 := Indicates End of Track.  Group ID is either the largest
      Group produced in this Track with Object ID one greater than the
      largest Object produced in that Group, or Group ID is one greater
      than the largest Group produced in this Track with Object ID zero.
      This status also indicates the specified Group has ended.
      Publishers MUST NOT publish an Object with a Location larger than
      this Location (see Section 2.4.2).  This SHOULD be cached.

   Any other value SHOULD be treated as a protocol error and the session
   SHOULD be terminated with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION (Section 3.4).  Any
   object with a status code other than zero MUST have an empty payload.

10.2.1.2.  Object Extension Header

   Any Object with status Normal can have extension headers.  If an
   endpoint receives extension headers on Objects with status that is
   not Normal, it MUST close the session with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

   Object Extension Headers are visible to relays and allow the
   transmission of future metadata relevant to MOQT Object distribution.
   Any Object metadata never intended to be accessed by the transport or
   Relays SHOULD be serialized as part of the Object payload and not as
   an extension header.











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   Extension Headers are defined in external specifications and
   registered in an IANA table Section 13.  These specifications define
   the type and value of the header, as well as the rules for
   processing, modification, caching and forwarding.  All such
   specifications MUST specify whether multiple values of the same
   extension are allowed on a single Object.  A relay that enforces
   these rules is considered to "support" the extension.  If a Relay
   does not support an extension header, it MUST assume multiple values
   are allowed.

   If unsupported by the relay, Extension Headers MUST NOT be modified,
   MUST be cached as part of the Object and MUST be forwarded by relays.

   If supported by the relay and subject to the processing rules
   specified in the definition of the extension, Extension Headers MAY
   be modified, added, removed, and/or cached by relays.

   Object Extension Headers are serialized as Key-Value-Pairs (see
   Figure 2), prefixed by the length of the serialized Key-Value-Pairs,
   in bytes.

   Extensions {
     Extension Headers Length (i),
     Extension headers (..),
   }

   Header types are registered in the IANA table 'MOQ Extension
   Headers'.  See Section 13.

10.3.  Datagrams

   A single object can be conveyed in a datagram.  The Track Alias field
   (Section 10.1) indicates the track this Datagram belongs to.  If an
   endpoint receives a datagram with an unknown Track Alias, it MAY drop
   the datagram or choose to buffer it for a brief period to handle
   reordering with the control message that establishes the Track Alias.

   An Object received in an OBJECT_DATAGRAM message has an Object
   Forwarding Preference = Datagram.

   To send an Object with Object Forwarding Preference = Datagram,
   determine the length of the header and payload and send the Object as
   datagram.  When the total size is larger than the maximum datagram
   size for the session, the Object will be dropped without any explicit
   notification.






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   Each session along the path between the Original Publisher and End
   Subscriber might have different maximum datagram sizes.
   Additionally, Object Extension Headers (Section 10.2.1.2) can be
   added to Objects as they pass through the MOQT network, increasing
   the size of the Object and the chances it will exceed the maximum
   datagram size of a downstream session and be dropped.

10.3.1.  Object Datagram

   An OBJECT_DATAGRAM carries a single object in a datagram.

   OBJECT_DATAGRAM {
     Type (i) = 0x0-0x7,0x20-21,0x24-25
     Track Alias (i),
     Group ID (i),
     [Object ID (i),]
     [Publisher Priority (8),]
     [Extensions (..),]
     [Object Status (i),]
     [Object Payload (..),]
   }

                      Figure 26: MOQT OBJECT_DATAGRAM

   The Type value determines which fields are present in the
   OBJECT_DATAGRAM.  There are 10 defined Type values for
   OBJECT_DATAGRAM.

    +======+==============+============+========+==========+==========+
    | Type | End Of Group | Extensions | Object | Priority | Status / |
    |      |              |            | ID     | Present  | Payload  |
    +======+==============+============+========+==========+==========+
    | 0x00 | No           | No         | Yes    | Yes      | Payload  |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x01 | No           | Yes        | Yes    | Yes      | Payload  |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x02 | Yes          | No         | Yes    | Yes      | Payload  |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x03 | Yes          | Yes        | Yes    | Yes      | Payload  |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x04 | No           | No         | No     | Yes      | Payload  |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x05 | No           | Yes        | No     | Yes      | Payload  |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x06 | Yes          | No         | No     | Yes      | Payload  |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x07 | Yes          | Yes        | No     | Yes      | Payload  |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+



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    | 0x20 | No           | No         | Yes    | Yes      | Status   |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x21 | No           | Yes        | Yes    | Yes      | Status   |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x24 | No           | No         | No     | Yes      | Status   |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x25 | No           | Yes        | No     | Yes      | Status   |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x08 | No           | No         | Yes    | No       | Payload  |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x09 | No           | Yes        | Yes    | No       | Payload  |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x0A | Yes          | No         | Yes    | No       | Payload  |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x0B | Yes          | Yes        | Yes    | No       | Payload  |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x0C | No           | No         | No     | No       | Payload  |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x0D | No           | Yes        | No     | No       | Payload  |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x0E | Yes          | No         | No     | No       | Payload  |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x0F | Yes          | Yes        | No     | No       | Payload  |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x28 | No           | No         | Yes    | No       | Status   |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x29 | No           | Yes        | Yes    | No       | Status   |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x2C | No           | No         | Yes    | No       | Status   |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+
    | 0x2D | No           | Yes        | Yes    | No       | Status   |
    +------+--------------+------------+--------+----------+----------+

                                  Table 5

   *  End of Group: For Type values where End of Group is "Yes" the
      Object is the last Object in the Group.

   *  Extensions Present: If Extensions Present is "Yes" the Extensions
      structure defined in Section 10.2.1.2 is included.  If an endpoint
      receives a datagram with Extensions Present as "Yes" and a
      Extension Headers Length of 0, it MUST close the session with a
      PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

   *  Object ID Present: If Object ID Present is No, the Object ID field
      is omitted and the Object ID is 0.  When Object ID Present is Yes,
      the Object ID field is present and encodes the Object ID.




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   *  Priority Present: If Priority Present is No, Priority is not
      present and this Object inherits the Publisher Priority specified
      in the control message that established the subscription.  When
      Priority Present is Yes, the Priority field is present.

   *  Payload and Status: The Object Status field and Object Payload are
      mutually exclusive.

      -  For Type values 0x00 through 0x07, the Object Payload is
         present and the Object Status field is omitted.

         There is no explicit length field for the Object Payload.  The
         entirety of the transport datagram following the Object header
         fields contains the payload.

      -  For Type values 0x20, 0x21, 0x24 and 0x25 the Object Status
         field is present and there is no Object Payload.

10.4.  Streams

   When Objects are sent on streams, the stream begins with a Subgroup
   or Fetch Header and is followed by one or more sets of serialized
   Object fields.  If a stream ends gracefully (i.e., the stream
   terminates with a FIN) in the middle of a serialized Object, the
   session SHOULD be terminated with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

   A publisher SHOULD NOT open more than one stream at a time with the
   same Subgroup Header field values.

10.4.1.  Stream Cancellation

   Streams aside from the control stream MAY be canceled due to
   congestion or other reasons by either the publisher or subscriber.
   Early termination of a stream does not affect the MoQ application
   state, and therefore has no effect on outstanding subscriptions.

10.4.2.  Subgroup Header

   All Objects on a Subgroup stream belong to the track identified by
   Track Alias (see Section 10.1) and the Subgroup indicated by 'Group
   ID' and Subgroup ID indicated by the SUBGROUP_HEADER.

   If an endpoint receives a subgroup with an unknown Track Alias, it
   MAY abandon the stream, or choose to buffer it for a brief period to
   handle reordering with the control message that establishes the Track
   Alias.  The endpoint MAY withhold stream flow control beyond the
   SUBGROUP_HEADER until the Track Alias has been established.  To
   prevent deadlocks, the publisher MUST allocate connection flow



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   control to the control stream before allocating it any data streams.
   Otherwise, a receiver might wait for a control message containing a
   Track Alias to release flow control, while the sender waits for flow
   control to send the message.

   SUBGROUP_HEADER {
     Type (i) = 0x10..0x1D,
     Track Alias (i),
     Group ID (i),
     [Subgroup ID (i),]
     [Publisher Priority (8),]
   }

                      Figure 27: MOQT SUBGROUP_HEADER

   All Objects received on a stream opened with SUBGROUP_HEADER have an
   Object Forwarding Preference = Subgroup.

   There are 24 defined Type values for SUBGROUP_HEADER:

   +======+=============+===========+============+==========+==========+
   | Type | Subgroup    | Subgroup  | Extensions | Contains | Priority |
   |      | ID          | ID        |            | End      |          |
   +======+=============+===========+============+==========+==========+
   |      | Field       | Value     | Present    | of Group | Present  |
   |      | Present     |           |            |          |          |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x10 | No          | 0         | No         | No       | Yes      |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x11 | No          | 0         | Yes        | No       | Yes      |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x12 | No          | First     | No         | No       | Yes      |
   |      |             | Object ID |            |          |          |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x13 | No          | First     | Yes        | No       | Yes      |
   |      |             | Object ID |            |          |          |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x14 | Yes         | N/A       | No         | No       | Yes      |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x15 | Yes         | N/A       | Yes        | No       | Yes      |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x18 | No          | 0         | No         | Yes      | Yes      |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x19 | No          | 0         | Yes        | Yes      | Yes      |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x1A | No          | First     | No         | Yes      | Yes      |
   |      |             | Object ID |            |          |          |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+



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   | 0x1B | No          | First     | Yes        | Yes      | Yes      |
   |      |             | Object ID |            |          |          |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x1C | Yes         | N/A       | No         | Yes      | Yes      |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x1D | Yes         | N/A       | Yes        | Yes      | Yes      |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x30 | No          | 0         | No         | No       | No       |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x31 | No          | 0         | Yes        | No       | No       |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x32 | No          | First     | No         | No       | No       |
   |      |             | Object ID |            |          |          |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x33 | No          | First     | Yes        | No       | No       |
   |      |             | Object ID |            |          |          |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x34 | Yes         | N/A       | No         | No       | No       |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x35 | Yes         | N/A       | Yes        | No       | No       |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x38 | No          | 0         | No         | Yes      | No       |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x39 | No          | 0         | Yes        | Yes      | No       |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x3A | No          | First     | No         | Yes      | No       |
   |      |             | Object ID |            |          |          |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x3B | No          | First     | Yes        | Yes      | No       |
   |      |             | Object ID |            |          |          |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x3C | Yes         | N/A       | No         | Yes      | No       |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+
   | 0x3D | Yes         | N/A       | Yes        | Yes      | No       |
   +------+-------------+-----------+------------+----------+----------+

                                  Table 6

   For Type values where Contains End of Group is Yes, the last Object
   in this Subgroup stream before a FIN is the last Object in the Group.
   If the Subgroup stream is terminated with a RESET_STREAM or
   RESET_STREAM_AT, the receiver cannot determine the End of Group
   Object ID.








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   For Type values where Subgroup ID Field Present is No, there is no
   explicit Subgroup ID field in the header and the Subgroup ID is
   either 0 (for Types 0x10-11 and 0x18-19) or the Object ID of the
   first object transmitted in this subgroup (for Types 0x12-13 and
   0x1A-1B).

   For Type values where Extensions Present is No, the Extensions field
   is never present and all Objects have no extensions.  When Extensions
   Present is Yes, the Extensions structure defined in Section 10.2.1.2
   is present in all Objects in this subgroup.  Objects with no
   extensions set Extension Headers Length to 0.

   For Type values where Priority Present is No, Priority is not present
   and this Subgroup inherits the Publisher Priority specified in the
   control message that established the subscription.  When Priority
   Present is Yes, the Priority field is present in the Subgroup header.

   To send an Object with Object Forwarding Preference = Subgroup, find
   the open stream that is associated with the subscription, Group ID
   and Subgroup ID, or open a new one and send the SUBGROUP_HEADER.
   Then serialize the following fields.

   The Object Status field is only sent if the Object Payload Length is
   zero.

   The Object ID Delta + 1 is added to the previous Object ID in the
   Subgroup stream if there was one.  The Object ID is the Object ID
   Delta if it's the first Object in the Subgroup stream.  For example,
   a Subgroup of sequential Object IDs starting at 0 will have 0 for all
   Object ID Delta values.  A consumer cannot infer information about
   the existence of Objects between the current and previous Object ID
   in the Subgroup (e.g. when Object ID Delta is non-zero) unless there
   is an Prior Object ID Gap extesnion header (see Section 11.2).

   {
     Object ID Delta (i),
     [Extensions (..),]
     Object Payload Length (i),
     [Object Status (i),]
     [Object Payload (..),]
   }

                   Figure 28: MOQT Subgroup Object Fields








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10.4.3.  Closing Subgroup Streams

   Subscribers will often need to know if they have received all objects
   in a Subgroup, particularly if they serve as a relay or cache.  QUIC
   and Webtransport streams provide signals that can be used for this
   purpose.  Closing Subgroups promptly frees system resources and often
   unlocks flow control credit to open more streams.

   If a sender has delivered all objects in a Subgroup to the QUIC
   stream, except any Objects with Locations smaller than the
   subscription's Start Location, it MUST close the stream with a FIN.

   If a sender closes the stream before delivering all such objects to
   the QUIC stream, it MUST use a RESET_STREAM or RESET_STREAM_AT
   [I-D.draft-ietf-quic-reliable-stream-reset] frame.  This includes,
   but is not limited to:

   *  An Object in an open Subgroup exceeding its Delivery Timeout

   *  Early termination of subscription due to an UNSUBSCRIBE message

   *  A publisher's decision to end the subscription early

   *  A SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE moving the subscription's End Group to a
      smaller Group or the Start Location to a larger Location

   *  Omitting a Subgroup Object due to the subcriber's Forward State

   When RESET_STREAM_AT is used, the reliable_size SHOULD include the
   stream header so the receiver can identify the corresponding
   subscription and accurately account for reset data streams when
   handling PUBLISH_DONE (see Section 9.15).  Publishers that reset data
   streams without using RESET_STREAM_AT with an appropriate
   reliable_size can cause subscribers to hold on to subscription state
   until a timeout expires.

   A sender might send all objects in a Subgroup and the FIN on a QUIC
   stream, and then reset the stream.  In this case, the receiving
   application would receive the FIN if and only if all objects were
   received.  If the application receives all data on the stream and the
   FIN, it can ignore any RESET_STREAM it receives.

   If a sender will not deliver any objects from a Subgroup, it MAY send
   a SUBGROUP_HEADER on a new stream, with no objects, and then send
   RESET_STREAM_AT with a reliable_size equal to the length of the
   stream header.  This explicitly tells the receiver there is an unsent
   Subgroup.




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   A relay MUST NOT forward an Object on an existing Subgroup stream
   unless it is the next Object in that Subgroup.  A relay determines
   that an Object is the next Object in the Subgroup if at least one of
   the following is true:

   *  The Object ID is one greater than the previous Object sent on this
      Subgroup stream.

   *  The Object was received on the same upstream Subgroup stream as
      the previously sent Object on the downstream Subgroup stream, with
      no other Objects in between.

   *  It determined all Object IDs between the current and previous
      Object IDs on the Subgroup stream belong to different Subgroups or
      do not exist.

   If the relay does not know if an Object is the next Object, it MUST
   reset the Subgroup stream and open a new one to forward it.

   Since SUBSCRIBEs always end on a group boundary, an ending
   subscription can always cleanly close all its subgroups.  A sender
   that terminates a stream early for any other reason (e.g., to handoff
   to a different sender) MUST use RESET_STREAM or RESET_STREAM_AT.
   Senders SHOULD terminate a stream on Group boundaries to avoid doing
   so.

   An MOQT implementation that processes a stream FIN is assured it has
   received all objects in a subgroup from the start of the
   subscription.  If a relay, it can forward stream FINs to its own
   subscribers once those objects have been sent.  A relay MAY treat
   receipt of EndOfGroup or EndOfTrack objects as a signal to close
   corresponding streams even if the FIN has not arrived, as further
   objects on the stream would be a protocol violation.

   Similarly, an EndOfGroup message indicates the maximum Object ID in
   the Group, so if all Objects in the Group have been received, a FIN
   can be sent on any stream where the entire subgroup has been sent.
   This might be complex to implement.

   Processing a RESET_STREAM or RESET_STREAM_AT means that there might
   be other objects in the Subgroup beyond the last one received.  A
   relay might immediately reset the corresponding downstream stream, or
   it might attempt to recover the missing Objects in an effort to send
   all the Objects in the subgroups and the FIN.  It also might send
   RESET_STREAM_AT with reliable_size set to the last Object it has, so
   as to reliably deliver the Objects it has while signaling that other
   Objects might exist.




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   A subscriber MAY send a QUIC STOP_SENDING frame for a subgroup stream
   if the Group or Subgroup is no longer of interest to it.  The
   publisher SHOULD respond with RESET_STREAM or RESET_STREAM_AT.  If
   RESET_STREAM_AT is sent, note that the receiver has indicated no
   interest in the objects, so setting a reliable_size beyond the stream
   header is of questionable utility.

   RESET_STREAM and STOP_SENDING on SUBSCRIBE data streams have no
   impact on other Subgroups in the Group or the subscription, although
   applications might cancel all Subgroups in a Group at once.

   The application SHOULD use a relevant error code in RESET_STREAM or
   RESET_STREAM_AT, as defined below:

   INTERNAL_ERROR (0x0):  An implementation specific error.

   CANCELLED (0x1):  The subscriber requested cancellation via
      UNSUBSCRIBE, FETCH_CANCEL or STOP_SENDING, or the publisher ended
      the subscription, in which case PUBLISH_DONE (Section 9.15) will
      have a more detailed status code.

   DELIVERY_TIMEOUT (0x2):  The DELIVERY TIMEOUT Section 9.2.1.2 was
      exceeded for this stream.

   SESSION_CLOSED (0x3):  The publisher session is being closed.

10.4.4.  Fetch Header

   When a stream begins with FETCH_HEADER, all objects on the stream
   belong to the track requested in the Fetch message identified by
   Request ID.

   FETCH_HEADER {
     Type (i) = 0x5,
     Request ID (i),
   }

                        Figure 29: MOQT FETCH_HEADER

   Each Object sent on a FETCH stream after the FETCH_HEADER has the
   following format:










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   {
     Serialization Flags (8),
     [Group ID (i),]
     [Subgroup ID (i),]
     [Object ID (i),]
     [Publisher Priority (8),]
     [Extensions (..),]
     Object Payload Length (i),
     [Object Status (i),]
     [Object Payload (..),]
   }

                    Figure 30: MOQT Fetch Object Fields

   The Serialization Flags field defines the serialization of the
   Object.

   The two least significant bits (LSBs) of the Serialization Flags form
   a two-bit field that defines the encoding of the Subgroup.  To
   extract this value, the Subscriber performs a bitwise AND operation
   with the mask 0x03.

     +==============================+===============================+
     | Bitmask Result               | Meaning                       |
     | (Serialization Flags & 0x03) |                               |
     +==============================+===============================+
     | 0x00                         | Subgroup ID is zero           |
     +------------------------------+-------------------------------+
     | 0x01                         | Subgroup ID is the prior      |
     |                              | Object's Subgroup ID          |
     +------------------------------+-------------------------------+
     | 0x02                         | Subgroup ID is the prior      |
     |                              | Object's Subgroup ID plus one |
     +------------------------------+-------------------------------+
     | 0x03                         | The Subgroup ID field is      |
     |                              | present                       |
     +------------------------------+-------------------------------+

                                 Table 7

   The following table defines additional flags within the Serialization
   Flags field.  Each flag is an independent boolean value, where a set
   bit (1) indicates the corresponding condition is true.








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    +=========+============================+==========================+
    | Bitmask | Condition if set           | Condition if not set (0) |
    +=========+============================+==========================+
    | 0x04    | Object ID field is present | Object ID is the prior   |
    |         |                            | Object's ID plus one     |
    +---------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
    | 0x08    | Group ID field is present  | Group ID is the prior    |
    |         |                            | Object's Group ID        |
    +---------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
    | 0x10    | Priority field is present  | Priority is the prior    |
    |         |                            | Object's Priority        |
    +---------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
    | 0x20    | Extensions field is        | Extensions field is not  |
    |         | present                    | present                  |
    +---------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
    | 0x40    | PROTOCOL_VIOLATION         | N/A                      |
    +---------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
    | 0x80    | PROTOCOL_VIOLATION         | N/A                      |
    +---------+----------------------------+--------------------------+

                                  Table 8

   If the first Object in the FETCH response uses a flag that references
   fields in the prior Object, the Subscriber MUST close the session
   with a PROTOCOL_VIOLATION.

   The Extensions structure is defined in Section 10.2.1.2.

   The Object Status field is only present if the Object Payload Length
   is zero.

   When encoding an Object with a Forwarding Preference of "Datagram"
   (see Section 10.2.1), the Publisher treats it as having a Subgroup ID
   equal to the Object ID.

10.5.  Examples

   Sending a subgroup on one stream:













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   Stream = 2

   SUBGROUP_HEADER {
     Type = 0x14
     Track Alias = 2
     Group ID = 0
     Subgroup ID = 0
     Priority = 0
   }
   {
     Object ID = 0
     Object Payload Length = 4
     Payload = "abcd"
   }
   {
     Object ID = 1
     Object Payload Length = 4
     Payload = "efgh"
   }

   Sending a group on one stream, with the first object containing two
   Extension Headers.





























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   Stream = 2

   SUBGROUP_HEADER {
     Type = 0x35
     Track Alias = 2
     Group ID = 0
     Subgroup ID = 0
   }
   {
     Object ID Delta = 0 (Object ID is 0)
     Extension Headers Length = 33
       { Type = 4
         Value = 2186796243
       },
       { Type = 77
         Length = 21
         Value = "traceID:123456"
       }
     Object Payload Length = 4
     Payload = "abcd"
   }
   {
     Object ID Delta = 0 (Object ID is 1)
     Extension Headers Length = 0
     Object Payload Length = 4
     Payload = "efgh"
   }

11.  Extension Headers

   The following Object Extension Headers are defined in MOQT.

11.1.  Prior Group ID Gap

   Prior Group ID Gap (Extension Header Type 0x3C) is a variable length
   integer containing the number of Groups prior to the current Group
   that do not and will never exist.  This is equivalent to receiving an
   End of Group status with Object ID 0 for each skipped Group.  For
   example, if the Original Publisher is publishing an Object in Group 7
   and knows it will never publish any Objects in Group 8 or Group 9, it
   can include Prior Group ID Gap = 2 in any number of Objects in Group
   10, as it sees fit.  A Track is considered malformed (see
   Section 2.4.2) if any of the following conditions are detected:

   *  An Object contains more than one instance of Prior Group ID Gap.

   *  A Group contains more than one Object with different values for
      Prior Group ID Gap.



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   *  An Object has a Prior Group ID Gap larger than the Group ID.

   *  An endpoint receives an Object with a Prior Group ID Gap covering
      an Object it previously received.

   *  An endpoint receives an Object with a Group ID within a previously
      communicated gap.

   This extension is optional, as publishers might not know the prior
   gap gize, or there may not be a gap.  If Prior Group ID Gap is not
   present, the receiver cannot infer any information about the
   existence of prior groups (see Section 2.3.1).

   This extension can be added by the Original Publisher, but MUST NOT
   be added by relays.  This extension MUST NOT be modified or removed.

   An Object MUST NOT contain more than one instance of this extension
   header. ## Immutable Extensions

   The Immutable Extensions (Extension Header Type 0xB) contains a
   sequence of Key-Value-Pairs (see Figure 2) which are also Object
   Extension Headers of the Object.

   Immutable Extensions {
     Type (0xB),
     Length (i),
     Key-Value-Pair (..) ...
   }

   This extension can be added by the Original Publisher, but MUST NOT
   be added by Relays.  This extension MUST NOT be modified or removed.
   Relays MUST cache this extension if the Object is cached and MUST
   forward this extension if the enclosing Object is forwarded.  Relays
   MAY decode and view these extensions.

   A Track is considered malformed (see Section 2.4.2) if any of the
   following conditions are detected:

   *  An Object contains an Immutable Extensions header that contains
      another Immutable Extensions key.

   *  A Key-Value-Pair cannot be parsed.

   The following figure shows an example Object structure with a
   combination of mutable and immutable extensions and end to end
   encrypted metadata in the Object payload.





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                   Object Header                      Object Payload
<------------------------------------------------> <------------------->
+--------+-------+------------+-------+-----------+--------------------+
| Object | Ext 1 | Immutable  | Ext N | [Payload] | Private Extensions |
| Fields |       | Extensions |       | [Length]  | App Payload        |
+--------+-------+------------+-------+-----------+--------------------+
                  xxxxxxxxxxxx                     xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
                                                   yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
x = e2e Authenticated Data
y = e2e Encrypted Data
EXT 1 and EXT N can be modified or removed by Relays

   An Object MUST NOT contain more than one instance of this extension
   header.

11.2.  Prior Object ID Gap

   Prior Object ID Gap (Extension Header Type 0x3E) is a variable length
   integer containing the number of Objects prior to the current Object
   that do not and will never exist.  This is equivalent to receiving an
   Object Does Not Exist status for each skipped Object ID.  For
   example, if the Original Publisher is publishing Object 10 in Group 3
   and knows it will never publish Objects 8 or 9 in this Group, it can
   include Prior Object ID Gap = 2.  A Track is considered malformed
   (see Section 2.4.2) if any of the following conditions are detected:

   *  An Object contains more than one instance of Prior Object ID Gap.

   *  An Object has a Prior Object ID Gap larger than the Object ID.

   *  An endpoint receives an Object with a Prior Object ID Gap covering
      an Object it previously received.

   *  An endpoint receives an Object with an Object ID within a
      previously communicated gap.

   This extension is optional, as publishers might not know the prior
   gap gize, or there may not be a gap.  If Prior Object ID Gap is not
   present, the receiver cannot infer any information about the
   existence of prior objects (see Section 2.1).

   This extension can be added by the Original Publisher, but MUST NOT
   be added by relays.  This extension MUST NOT be modified or removed.

   An Object MUST NOT contain more than one instance of this extension
   header.





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12.  Security Considerations

   TODO: Expand this section, including subscriptions.

   TODO: Describe Cache Poisoning attacks

12.1.  Resource Exhaustion

   Live content requires significant bandwidth and resources.  Failure
   to set limits will quickly cause resource exhaustion.

   MOQT uses stream limits and flow control to impose resource limits at
   the network layer.  Endpoints SHOULD set flow control limits based on
   the anticipated bitrate.

   Endpoints MAY impose a MAX STREAM count limit which would restrict
   the number of concurrent streams which an application could have in
   flight.

   The publisher prioritizes and transmits streams out of order.
   Streams might be starved indefinitely during congestion.  The
   publisher and subscriber MUST cancel a stream, preferably the one
   with the lowest priority, after reaching a resource limit.

12.2.  Timeouts

   Implementations are advised to use timeouts to prevent resource
   exhaustion attacks by a peer that does not send expected data within
   an expected time.  Each implementation is expected to set its own
   timeouts.

12.3.  Relay security considerations

12.3.1.  State maintenance

   A Relay SHOULD have mechanisms to prevent malicious endpoints from
   flooding it with PUBLISH_NAMESPACE or SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE requests
   that could bloat data structures.  It could use the advertised
   MAX_REQUEST_ID to limit the number of such requests, or could have
   application-specific policies that can reject incoming
   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE or SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE requests that cause the
   state maintenance for the session to be excessive.









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12.3.2.  SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE with short prefixes

   A Relay can use authorization rules in order to prevent subscriptions
   closer to the root of a large prefix tree.  Otherwise, if an entity
   sends a relay a SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE message with a short prefix, it
   can cause the relay to send a large volume of PUBLISH_NAMESPACE
   messages.  As churn continues in the tree of prefixes, the relay
   would have to continue to send PUBLISH_NAMESPACE/
   PUBLISH_NAMESPACE_DONE messages to the entity that had sent the
   SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE.

   TODO: Security/Privacy Considerations of MOQT_IMPLEMENTATION
   parameter

13.  IANA Considerations

   TODO: fill out currently missing registries:

   *  MOQT ALPN values

   *  Setup parameters

   *  Non-setup Parameters - List which params can be repeated in the
      table.

   *  Message types

   *  MOQ Extension headers - we wish to reserve extension types 0-63
      for standards utilization where space is a premium, 64 - 16383 for
      standards utilization where space is less of a concern, and 16384
      and above for first-come-first-served non-standardization usage.
      List which headers can be repeated in the table.

   *  MOQT Auth Token Type

   TODO: register the URI scheme and the ALPN and grease the Extension
   types

13.1.  Authorization Token Alias Type

                  +======+===========+=================+
                  | Code | Name      | Specification   |
                  +======+===========+=================+
                  |  0x0 | DELETE    | Section 9.2.1.1 |
                  +------+-----------+-----------------+
                  |  0x1 | REGISTER  | Section 9.2.1.1 |
                  +------+-----------+-----------------+
                  |  0x2 | USE_ALIAS | Section 9.2.1.1 |



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                  +------+-----------+-----------------+
                  |  0x3 | USE_VALUE | Section 9.2.1.1 |
                  +------+-----------+-----------------+

                                 Table 9

13.2.  Version Specific Parameters

        +================+=====================+==================+
        | Parameter Type | Parameter Name      | Specification    |
        +================+=====================+==================+
        | 0x02           | DELIVERY_TIMEOUT    | Section 9.2.1.2  |
        +----------------+---------------------+------------------+
        | 0x03           | AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN | Section 9.2.1.1  |
        +----------------+---------------------+------------------+
        | 0x04           | MAX_CACHE_DURATION  | Section 9.2.1.3  |
        +----------------+---------------------+------------------+
        | 0x08           | EXPIRES             | Section 9.2.1.8  |
        +----------------+---------------------+------------------+
        | 0x09           | LARGEST_OBJECT      | Section 9.2.1.9  |
        +----------------+---------------------+------------------+
        | 0x0E           | PUBLISHER_PRIORITY  | Section 9.2.1.4  |
        +----------------+---------------------+------------------+
        | 0x10           | FORWARD             | Section 9.2.1.10 |
        +----------------+---------------------+------------------+
        | 0x20           | SUBSCRIBER_PRIORITY | Section 9.2.1.5  |
        +----------------+---------------------+------------------+
        | 0x21           | SUBSCRIPTION_FILTER | Section 9.2.1.7  |
        +----------------+---------------------+------------------+
        | 0x22           | GROUP_ORDER         | Section 9.2.1.6  |
        +----------------+---------------------+------------------+
        | 0x30           | DYNAMIC_GROUPS      | Section 9.2.1.11 |
        +----------------+---------------------+------------------+
        | 0x32           | NEW_GROUP_REQUEST   | Section 9.2.1.12 |
        +----------------+---------------------+------------------+

                                  Table 10

13.3.  Error Codes

13.3.1.  Session Termination Error Codes

           +============================+======+===============+
           | Name                       | Code | Specification |
           +============================+======+===============+
           | NO_ERROR                   | 0x0  | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | INTERNAL_ERROR             | 0x1  | Section 3.4   |



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           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | UNAUTHORIZED               | 0x2  | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | PROTOCOL_VIOLATION         | 0x3  | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | INVALID_REQUEST_ID         | 0x4  | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | DUPLICATE_TRACK_ALIAS      | 0x5  | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | KEY_VALUE_FORMATTING_ERROR | 0x6  | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | TOO_MANY_REQUESTS          | 0x7  | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | INVALID_PATH               | 0x8  | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | MALFORMED_PATH             | 0x9  | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | GOAWAY_TIMEOUT             | 0x10 | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | CONTROL_MESSAGE_TIMEOUT    | 0x11 | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | DATA_STREAM_TIMEOUT        | 0x12 | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | AUTH_TOKEN_CACHE_OVERFLOW  | 0x13 | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | DUPLICATE_AUTH_TOKEN_ALIAS | 0x14 | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | VERSION_NEGOTIATION_FAILED | 0x15 | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | MALFORMED_AUTH_TOKEN       | 0x16 | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | UNKNOWN_AUTH_TOKEN_ALIAS   | 0x17 | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | EXPIRED_AUTH_TOKEN         | 0x18 | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | INVALID_AUTHORITY          | 0x19 | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | MALFORMED_AUTHORITY        | 0x1A | Section 3.4   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+

                                  Table 11










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13.3.2.  REQUEST_ERROR Codes

           +============================+======+===============+
           | Name                       | Code | Specification |
           +============================+======+===============+
           | INTERNAL_ERROR             | 0x0  | Section 9.8   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | UNAUTHORIZED               | 0x1  | Section 9.8   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | TIMEOUT                    | 0x2  | Section 9.8   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | NOT_SUPPORTED              | 0x3  | Section 9.8   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | MALFORMED_AUTH_TOKEN       | 0x4  | Section 9.8   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | EXPIRED_AUTH_TOKEN         | 0x5  | Section 9.8   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | DOES_NOT_EXIST             | 0x10 | Section 9.8   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | INVALID_RANGE              | 0x11 | Section 9.8   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | MALFORMED_TRACK            | 0x12 | Section 9.8   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | UNINTERESTED               | 0x20 | Section 9.8   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | PREFIX_OVERLAP             | 0x30 | Section 9.8   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | INVALID_JOINING_REQUEST_ID | 0x32 | Section 9.8   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+
           | UNKNOWN_STATUS_IN_RANGE    | 0x33 | Section 9.8   |
           +----------------------------+------+---------------+

                                  Table 12

13.3.3.  PUBLISH_DONE Codes

               +====================+======+===============+
               | Name               | Code | Specification |
               +====================+======+===============+
               | INTERNAL_ERROR     | 0x0  | Section 9.15  |
               +--------------------+------+---------------+
               | UNAUTHORIZED       | 0x1  | Section 9.15  |
               +--------------------+------+---------------+
               | TRACK_ENDED        | 0x2  | Section 9.15  |
               +--------------------+------+---------------+
               | SUBSCRIPTION_ENDED | 0x3  | Section 9.15  |
               +--------------------+------+---------------+
               | GOING_AWAY         | 0x4  | Section 9.15  |



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               +--------------------+------+---------------+
               | EXPIRED            | 0x5  | Section 9.15  |
               +--------------------+------+---------------+
               | TOO_FAR_BEHIND     | 0x6  | Section 9.15  |
               +--------------------+------+---------------+
               | MALFORMED_TRACK    | 0x7  | Section 9.15  |
               +--------------------+------+---------------+
               | UPDATE_FAILED      | 0x8  | Section 9.15  |
               +--------------------+------+---------------+

                                  Table 13

13.3.4.  Data Stream Reset Error Codes

               +==================+======+================+
               | Name             | Code | Specification  |
               +==================+======+================+
               | INTERNAL_ERROR   | 0x0  | Section 10.4.3 |
               +------------------+------+----------------+
               | CANCELLED        | 0x1  | Section 10.4.3 |
               +------------------+------+----------------+
               | DELIVERY_TIMEOUT | 0x2  | Section 10.4.3 |
               +------------------+------+----------------+
               | SESSION_CLOSED   | 0x3  | Section 10.4.3 |
               +------------------+------+----------------+

                                 Table 14

Contributors

   The original design behind this protocol was inspired by three
   independent proposals: WARP [I-D.draft-lcurley-warp] by Luke Curley,
   RUSH [I-D.draft-kpugin-rush] by Kirill Pugin, Nitin Garg, Alan
   Frindell, Jordi Cenzano and Jake Weissman, and QUICR
   [I-D.draft-jennings-moq-quicr-proto] by Cullen Jennings, Suhas
   Nandakumar and Christian Huitema.  The authors of those documents
   merged their proposals to create the first draft of moq-transport.
   The IETF MoQ Working Group received an enormous amount of support
   from many people.  The following people provided substantive
   contributions to this document:

   *  Ali Begen

   *  Charles Krasic

   *  Christian Huitema

   *  Cullen Jennings



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   *  James Hurley

   *  Jordi Cenzano

   *  Kirill Pugin

   *  Luke Curley

   *  Martin Duke

   *  Mike English

   *  Mo Zanaty

   *  Will Law

References

Normative References

   [I-D.draft-ietf-quic-reliable-stream-reset]
              Seemann, M. and K. Oku, "QUIC Stream Resets with Partial
              Delivery", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
              quic-reliable-stream-reset-07, 14 June 2025,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-quic-
              reliable-stream-reset-07>.

   [QUIC]     Iyengar, J., Ed. and M. Thomson, Ed., "QUIC: A UDP-Based
              Multiplexed and Secure Transport", RFC 9000,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9000, May 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9000>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3629]  Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO
              10646", STD 63, RFC 3629, DOI 10.17487/RFC3629, November
              2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3629>.

   [RFC3986]  Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
              Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
              RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986>.






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   [RFC7301]  Friedl, S., Popov, A., Langley, A., and E. Stephan,
              "Transport Layer Security (TLS) Application-Layer Protocol
              Negotiation Extension", RFC 7301, DOI 10.17487/RFC7301,
              July 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7301>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8615]  Nottingham, M., "Well-Known Uniform Resource Identifiers
              (URIs)", RFC 8615, DOI 10.17487/RFC8615, May 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8615>.

   [RFC9110]  Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke,
              Ed., "HTTP Semantics", STD 97, RFC 9110,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9110, June 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110>.

   [RFC9221]  Pauly, T., Kinnear, E., and D. Schinazi, "An Unreliable
              Datagram Extension to QUIC", RFC 9221,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9221, March 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9221>.

   [WebTransport]
              Frindell, A., Kinnear, E., and V. Vasiliev, "WebTransport
              over HTTP/3", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
              ietf-webtrans-http3-13, 7 July 2025,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-
              webtrans-http3-13>.

Informative References

   [I-D.draft-jennings-moq-quicr-proto]
              Jennings, C. F., Nandakumar, S., and C. Huitema, "QuicR -
              Media Delivery Protocol over QUIC", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-jennings-moq-quicr-proto-01, 11 July
              2022, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-
              jennings-moq-quicr-proto-01>.

   [I-D.draft-kpugin-rush]
              Pugin, K., Garg, N., Frindell, A., Ferret, J. C., and J.
              Weissman, "RUSH - Reliable (unreliable) streaming
              protocol", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-kpugin-
              rush-03, 21 April 2025,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-kpugin-rush-
              03>.





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   [I-D.draft-lcurley-warp]
              Curley, L., Pugin, K., Nandakumar, S., and V. Vasiliev,
              "Warp - Live Media Transport over QUIC", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-lcurley-warp-04, 13 March 2023,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-lcurley-warp-
              04>.

   [I-D.ietf-webtrans-overview]
              Kinnear, E. and V. Vasiliev, "The WebTransport Protocol
              Framework", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
              webtrans-overview-10, 7 July 2025,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-
              webtrans-overview-10>.

   [RFC6582]  Henderson, T., Floyd, S., Gurtov, A., and Y. Nishida, "The
              NewReno Modification to TCP's Fast Recovery Algorithm",
              RFC 6582, DOI 10.17487/RFC6582, April 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc6582>.

   [RFC9000]  Iyengar, J., Ed. and M. Thomson, Ed., "QUIC: A UDP-Based
              Multiplexed and Secure Transport", RFC 9000,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9000, May 2021,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9000>.

   [RFC9438]  Xu, L., Ha, S., Rhee, I., Goel, V., and L. Eggert, Ed.,
              "CUBIC for Fast and Long-Distance Networks", RFC 9438,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9438, August 2023,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9438>.

Appendix A.  Change Log

   RFC Editor's Note: Please remove this section prior to publication of
   a final version of this document.

   Issue and pull request numbers are listed with a leading octothorp.

A.1.  Since draft-ietf-moq-transport-14

   *Setup and Control Plane*

   *  Always use ALPN for version negotiation (#499)

   *  Consolidate all the Error Message types (#1159)

   *  Change MOQT IMPLEMENTATION code point to 0x7 (#1191)

   *  Add Forward to SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE (#1220)




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   *  Parameters for Group Order, Subscribe Priority and Subscription
      Filter (redo) (#1273)

   *  REQUEST_OK message (#1274)

   *  Subscribe Update Acknowledgements (#1275)

   *  Disallow DELETE and USE_ALIAS in CLIENT_SETUP (#1277)

   *  Remove Expires field from SUBSCRIBE_OK (#1282)

   *  Make Forward a Parameter (#1283)

   *  Allow SUBSCRIBE_UPDATE to increase the end location (#1288)

   *  Add default port for raw QUIC (#1289)

   *  Unsubscribe Namespace should be linked to Subscribe Namespace
      (#1292)

   *Data Plane Wire Format and Handling*

   *  Fetch Object serialization optimization (#949)

   *  Make default PUBLISHER PRIORITY a parameter, optional in Subgroup/
      Datagram (#1056)

   *  Allow datagram status with object ID=0 (#1197)

   *  Disallow object extension headers in all non-Normal status objects
      (#1266)

   *  Objects for malformed track must not be cached (#1290)

   *  Remove NO_OBJECTS fetch error code (#1303)

   *  Clarify what happens when max_cache_duration parameter is omitted
      (#1287)

   *Notable Editorial Changes*

   *  Rename Request ID field in MAX_REQUEST_ID (#1250)

   *  Define and draw subscription state machine (#1296)

   *  Omitting a subgroup object necessitates reset (#1295)

   *  Define duplication rules for header extensions (#1293)



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   *  Clarify joining fetch end location (#1286)

A.2.  Since draft-ietf-moq-transport-13

   *Setup and Control Plane*

   *  Add an AUTHORITY parameter (#1058)

   *  Add a free-form SETUP parameter identifying the implementation
      (#1114)

   *  Add a Request ID to SUBSCRIBE_UDPATE (#1106)

   *  Indicate which params can appear PUBLISH* messages (#1071)

   *  Add TRACK_STATUS to the list of request types affected by GOAWAY
      (#1105)

   *Data Plane Wire Format and Handling*

   *  Delta encode Object IDs within Subgroups (#1042)

   *  Use a bit in Datagram Type to convey Object ID = 0 (#1055)

   *  Corrected missed code point updates to Object Datagram Status
      (#1082)

   *  Merge OBJECT_DATAGRAM and OBJECT_DATAGRAM_STATUS description
      (#1179)

   *  Objects are not schedulable if flow-control blocked (#1054)

   *  Clarify DELIVERY_TIMEOUT reordering computation (#1120)

   *  Receiving unrequested Objects (#1112)

   *  Clarify End of Track (#1111)

   *  Malformed tracks apply to FETCH (#1083)

   *  Remove early FIN from the definition of malformed tracks (#1096)

   *  Prior Object ID Gap Extension header (#939)

   *  Add Extension containing immutable extensions (#1025)

   *Relay Handling*




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   *  Explain FETCH routing for relays (#1165)

   *  MUST for multi-publisher relay handling (#1115)

   *  Filters don't (usually) determine the end of subscription (#1113)

   *  Allow self-subscriptions (#1110)

   *  Explain Namespace Prefix Matching in more detail (#1116)

   *Explanatory*

   *  Explain Modularity of MOQT (#1107)

   *  Explain how to resume publishing after losing state (#1087)

   *Major Editorial Changes*

   *  Rename ANNOUNCE to PUBLISH_NAMESPACE (#1104)

   *  Rename SUBSCRIBE_DONE to PUBLISH_DONE (#1108)

   *  Major FETCH Reorganization (#1173)

   *  Reformat Error Codes (#1091)

A.3.  Since draft-ietf-moq-transport-12

   *  TRACK_STATUS_REQUEST and TRACK_STATUS have changed to directly
      mirror SUBSCRIBE/OK/ERROR (#1015)

   *  SUBSCRIBE_ANNOUNCES was renamed back to SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE
      (#1049)

A.4.  Since draft-ietf-moq-transport-11

   *  Move Track Alias from SUBSCRIBE to SUBSCRIBE_OK (#977)

   *  Expand cases FETCH_OK returns Invalid Range (#946) and clarify
      fields (#936)

   *  Add an error code to FETCH_ERROR when an Object status is unknown
      (#825)

   *  Rename Latest Object to Largest Object (#1024) and clarify what to
      do when it's incomplete (#937)

   *  Explain Malformed Tracks and what to do with them (#938)



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   *  Allow End of Group to be indicated in a normal Object (#1011)

   *  Relays MUST have an upstream subscription to send SUBSCRIBE_OK
      (#1017)

   *  Allow AUTHORIZATION TOKEN in CLIENT_SETUP, SERVER_SETUP and other
      fixes (#1013)

   *  Add PUBLISH for publisher initiated subscriptions (#995) and fix
      the PUBLISH codepoints (#1048, #1051)

A.5.  Since draft-ietf-moq-transport-10

   *  Added Common Structure definitions - Location, Key-Value-Pair and
      Reason Phrase

   *  Limit lengths of all variable length fields, including Track
      Namespace and Name

   *  Control Message length is now 16 bits instead of variable length

   *  Subscribe ID became Request ID, and was added to most control
      messages.  Request ID is used to correlate OK/ERROR responses for
      ANNOUNCE, SUBSCRIBE_NAMESPACE, and TRACK_STATUS.  Like Subscribe
      ID, Request IDs are flow controlled.

   *  Explain rules for caching in more detail

   *  Changed the SETUP parameter format for even number parameters to
      match the Object Header Extension format

   *  Rotated SETUP code points

   *  Added Parameters to TRACK_STATUS and TRACK_STATUS_REQUEST

   *  Clarified how subscribe filters work

   *  Added Next Group Filter to SUBSCRIBE

   *  Added Forward flag to SUBSCRIBE

   *  Renamed FETCH_OK field to End and clarified how to set it

   *  Added Absolute Joining Fetch

   *  Clarified No Error vs Invalid Range FETCH_ERROR cases





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   *  Use bits in SUBGROUP_HEADER and DATAGRAM* types to compress
      subgroup ID and extensions

   *  Coalesced END_OF_GROUP and END_OF_TRACK_AND_GROUP status

   *  Objects that Do Not Exist cannot have extensions when sent on the
      wire

   *  Specified error codes for resetting data streams

   *  Defined an Object Header Extension for communicating a known Group
      ID gap

   *  Replaced AUTHORIZATION_INFO with AUTHORIZATION_TOKEN, which has
      more structure, compression, and additional Auth related error
      codes (#760)

Authors' Addresses

   Suhas Nandakumar
   Cisco
   Email: snandaku@cisco.com


   Victor Vasiliev
   Google
   Email: vasilvv@google.com


   Ian Swett (editor)
   Google
   Email: ianswett@google.com


   Alan Frindell (editor)
   Meta
   Email: afrind@meta.com














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