



Quantum Internet Research Group                        A. S. Cacciapuoti
Internet-Draft                                                M. Caleffi
Intended status: Informational                                J. Illiano
Expires: 18 May 2026                                          C. De Risi
                                        University of Naples Federico II
                                                        14 November 2025


   Quantum-Native Architectural Tenets and Philosophy for the Quantum
                                Internet
         draft-cacciapuoti-qirg-quantum-native-architecture-00

Abstract

   This document extends RFC 9340 by outlining a set of quantum-native
   architectural tenets for the design and evolution of the Quantum
   Internet.  These principles should not be interpreted as dogmas but
   as pragmatic guidelines and criteria for harnessing the unique
   properties of quantum entanglement within networked systems.  Such
   design perspectives, while departing from the classical Internet,
   remain aligned with a foundational insight: the principle of constant
   change, articulated in RFC 1958.

   The document specifies quantum-native extensions to the Quantum
   Internet framework, defining an entanglement packet switching
   paradigm and an explicit separation between the Quantum Data Plane
   and Quantum Control Plane.  It introduces Quantum Internet Addressing
   to extend quantum semantics into control and coordination, and
   generalizes the classical forwarding concept to quantum packets.

Status of This Memo

   This document is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of
   BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
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Note to Readers





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   This document is not an IETF Standards Track specification; it
   represents architectural thinking being developed within the IRTF
   Quantum Internet Research Group (QIRG).  It may be further developed,
   replaced, or obsoleted by future documents.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2025 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text
   as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 18 May 2026.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2025 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.





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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  Architectural Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.1.  Quantum Data Plane (QDP)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.2.  Quantum Control Plane (QCP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.3.  Hierarchy & EDC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   5.  Quantum Internet Addressing (QA)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     5.1.  Quantum Packet  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       5.1.1.  Quantum Packet Structure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   6.  Generalized Quantum Forwarding (GQF)  . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     6.1.  Role within the Architecture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   7.  Quantum-Native Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   10. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   11. Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13

1.  Introduction

   The Quantum Internet interconnects quantum processors, memories, and
   repeaters to enable distributed quantum functionalities built upon
   shared entanglement.  RFC 9340 laid the initial foundation for such
   an Internet, defining its motivation and goals.  At that time, the
   role of a distinct Quantum Control Plane (QCP) was explicitly
   declared out of scope in RFC 9340.  This document revisits that open
   question, by arguing that the control must evolve from classical
   coordination to quantum-native orchestration and by presenting an
   architectural framework that makes this separation explicit.

   Recent theoretical progress [CalCac25] has underscored the critical
   importance of revisiting that open question.  The stateful, volatile
   and non-local nature of quantum entanglement implies that purely
   classical network control cannot maintain global consistency as
   networks scale, becoming the limiting factor for performance and
   scalability.  Indeed, in a quantum network, local operations at one
   node can instantaneously affect correlated states at remote nodes, as
   instance by dynamically reconfiguring which nodes are entangled with
   each other and thereby altering the network entanglement-based
   topology.  Moreover, stateful metrics such as fidelity, residual
   coherence time, purification overhead and entanglement-link
   availability are essential for exploiting already established
   correlations for end-to-end entanglement distribution.  In fact,
   since entanglement is not information per-se but conversely a non-
   classical communication resource, its value extends beyond the



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   traditional source--destination paradigm.  As entangled states
   decohere, continuous monitoring and latency control become essential.
   If left uncoordinated, these entanglement features can trigger the
   amplification principle [CalCac25], whereby uncontrolled entanglement
   resources cause routing ambiguities, resource inefficiencies and,
   ultimately, network instability.  In summary, effective tracking and
   management of entanglement resources are essential prerequisites for
   scalable quantum network architectures.  Building on the above
   considerations, this document updates and extends the architectural
   principles defined in [RFC9340], by introducing a set of quantum-
   native architectural tenets for the design of the Quantum Internet.
   These tenets should not be intended as dogmas, but as pragmatic
   guidelines to harness the unique physical properties of quantum
   entanglement within networked systems.  In this sense, the proposed
   approach echoes the enduring ''principle of constant change''
   articulated in [RFC1958], reaffirming that adaptability remains the
   cornerstone of Internet evolution.  Specifically, this document
   introduces a quantum-native control and forwarding architecture
   composed of the following interlocking components:

   *  Quantum Data Plane (QDP): the operational plane that carries and
      manipulates entangled qubits (ebits) for applications, such as
      teleportation.  It generalizes the classical notion of forwarding
      to the quantum domain through Generalized Quantum Forwarding
      (GQF).

   *  Quantum Control Plane (QCP): the entanglement-orchestrator plane
      that manages entanglement resources throughout their entire life-
      cycle, by encoding routing decisions into quantum states and by
      relying on the Entanglement-Defined Controller (EDC) -- a
      distributed control entity analogous to a Software-Defined
      Networking (SDN) controller, but operating on entanglement
      resources to maintain global coherence.

   Accordingly, this document defines three core mechanisms -- Quantum
   Internet Addressing (QA), Generalized Quantum Forwarding (GQF), and
   Entanglement-Defined Controller (EDC) -- that together form the basis
   for scalable, entanglement-driven coordination across heterogeneous
   quantum domains.

2.  Scope

   This document is Informational.  It proposes architectural tenets and
   guidance for researchers and implementers.  It is not a protocol
   specification.  Terminology and notation adhere to monospaced ASCII
   presentation for clarity in IRTF review contexts.





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3.  Terminology

   This section defines key terms used throughout this document.  Some
   definitions extend those introduced in [RFC9340], reflecting the
   evolution from classical coordination to quantum-native
   orchestration.

   *  Quantum Data Plane (QDP): The QDP is the operational plane of the
      Quantum Internet that generalizes entanglement forwarding to the
      quantum domain through GQF.  It is responsible for the generation
      of elementary hop-by-hop entanglement and for the execution of
      quantum operations, including entanglement swapping and
      purification.

   *  Quantum Control Plane (QCP): The entanglement-defined plane
      responsible for orchestrating entanglement resources by encoding
      routing decisions into quantum states, and by relying on the
      Entanglement-Defined Controllers (EDCs).

   *  Entanglement Service Provider (ESP): Network entity belonging to
      the Quantum Data Plane that generates, stores, and manipulates
      entanglement, to provide and maintain entanglement resources for
      both end-nodes and peer ESPs.  ESPs collectively form the
      ''entangled-backbone''.

   *  Entanglement-Defined Controller (EDC): Logical entity belonging to
      the Quantum Control Plane that orchestrates entanglement
      resources, coordinates routing through resource allocation,
      reconfiguration, and monitoring across ESPs.  The EDC maintains a
      view of the network’s entanglement states, enabling scalable and
      adaptive coordination.

   *  Quantum Internet Addressing (QA): An addressing scheme in which
      node identifiers are represented as quantum states to scale
      quantumness into the control plane.

   *  Generalized Quantum Forwarding (GQF): A forwarding logic that
      generalizes the classical prefix-matching forwarding to the
      quantum domain.

   The above terminology forms the conceptual foundation of this
   document.  The QDP and QCP represent the two key planes of the
   architecture.  Within these planes, ESPs implement entanglement
   forwarding and maintenance, while EDCs orchestrate the entanglement
   resources.  QA and GQF provide quantum-native mechanisms for
   addressing and stateful forwarding.





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4.  Architectural Overview

   This section extends Section 5 of [RFC9340].

   The Quantum Internet is an Entanglement-Packet Switching (EPS)
   network, where entangled qubits (ebits) replace classical packets as
   the basic network units, carrying quantum correlations across network
   nodes.  The EPS paradigm is not merely an optimization or a
   refinement of the classical packet-switching paradigm, but a
   fundamental departure imposed by the unique constraints of quantum
   mechanics.  Indeed, while the goal of the classical packet-switching
   paradigm is to determine the best next-hops toward a set of nodes
   (routing) and to forward packets through these next-hops from source
   to destination, entanglement-packet switching aims to distribute and
   manipulate entanglement among quantum nodes, ultimately entangling
   the source and destination regardless of their physical location.

   By inheriting statefulness and non-locality, EPS departs from the
   end-to-end principle [RFC1958], [RFC3439], a key tenet of the
   classical Internet design, requiring in-network operations and
   persistent state awareness across all phases of the entanglement
   life-cycle -- from generation through distribution to storage and
   final utilization.  Combined with the sophisticated and resource-
   intensive nature of state-of-the-art quantum hardware, this paradigm
   advocates concentrating the complexity inside the network, while
   keeping the edges simple.  As a consequence, EPS mandates a clear
   decoupling between QDP, which handles qubit operations, and QCP,
   which manages entanglement orchestration and routing.

+--------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+
| network      |classical Internet                 |Quantum Internet       |
| feature      |                                   |                       |
+--------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+
|resource      | communication links are permanent | entanglement is       |
|persistence   |(topology dynamics largely         |ephemeral and depleted |
|              | exceed the forward dynamics)      | upon use              |
+--------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+
| control plane| populates routing tables with best| encodes routing       |
|              | hops toward (set of) destinations | decisions into quantum|
|              |                                   | states; exploiting    |
|              |                                   | addressing scheme and |
|              |                                   | orchestrates          |
|              |                                   | entanglement resources|
|              |                                   | so that they are      |
+--------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+
| data plane   | packet forwarding                 | generalized quantum   |
|              |                                   | forwarding            |
+--------------+-----------------------------------+-----------------------+



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4.1.  Quantum Data Plane (QDP)

   The QDP constitutes the operational plane of the Quantum Internet.
   It provides the substrate on which entanglement-based connectivity --
   also referred to as quantum connectivity -- is established and
   maintained among remote nodes.  Within the QDP, network entities
   exchange and manipulate ebits to establish, extend and refresh
   quantum correlations across the network.

   The QDP supports a set of primitives, such as the generation of
   elementary hop-by-hop entanglement and the execution of quantum
   operations, including entanglement swapping and purification
   [AbaCub25].

   Unlike its classical counterpart, the QDP does not act on user
   information directly (data in the traditional sense), but it operates
   on entanglement that applications later exploit for (e.g.)
   teleportation or distributed processing.  Each entanglement-link
   represents a consumable network resource that must be created,
   maintained, and periodically refreshed as coherence decays.

   The QDP interfaces closely with the QCP to expose real-time KPIs and
   metrics (such as fidelity, coherence time, and link availability).
   These metrics support adaptive entanglement management and allow the
   QCP to optimize resource allocation, path selection and recovery
   procedures.  The logical interface between the QCP and QDP may be
   realized through classical or quantum signaling channels, functioning
   analogously to the control-to-data interface in software-defined
   networks [KreRam14].  Detailed protocol specifications are out of
   scope for this document.

4.2.  Quantum Control Plane (QCP)

   The QCP is the entanglement-orchestrator plane of the Quantum
   Internet.  It controls the entanglement packet switching logic and
   maintains a consistent view of entanglement resources across the
   network.

   In this document, the term control plane is adopted from classical
   networking terminology, where it denotes the network-wide logic that
   controls packet forwarding among a network’s SDN-enabled devices, as
   well as the configuration and management of these devices and their
   services [KurRos10].  By analogy, the QCP orchestrates the life-cycle
   of entanglement resources -- from generation to distribution and
   exploitation.  Unlike its classical counterpart, the QCP must account
   for the stateful and non-local nature of entanglement, while
   stringent coherence times demand time-aware coordination across the
   network.



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   As detailed in Section 1, effective tracking and management of
   entanglement resources are essential for scalable quantum network
   architectures.  However, if such tracking relies solely on classical
   control and signaling, the resulting coordination overhead and
   latency prevent the system from maintaining global consistency,
   ultimately hindering scalability.  Even in classical networks, where
   entanglement is absent, it has been shown that the number of control
   messages required per topology change (namely, the updating
   communication overhead) cannot scale better than linearly on
   Internet-like topologies [KriCla07].  In the quantum setting, this
   challenge becomes even more pronounced due to the intrinsic
   statefulness and fragility of entanglement, and it is further
   exacerbated when multipartite entanglement is considered [IllCal22].

   The QCP coexists with the classical control plane, complementing it
   rather than replacing it.  Architecturally, it forms a distinct yet
   tightly coupled control logic above the QDP.  The QCP interfaces
   directly with Entanglement Service Providers (ESPs), which expose
   local entanglement capabilities, while ensuring consistent
   entanglement resource policies through Entanglement-Defined
   Controllers (EDCs).

4.3.  Hierarchy & EDC

  +--------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  |         Classical Tenets       |     Quantum-Native Tenets         |
  +--------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  | Complexity located at the      | Complexity concentrated in the    |
  | network edges                  | core network                      |
  +--------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  | Stateless core network         | Stateful core network             |
  +--------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
  | End-to-end protocol design     | Network-mediated protocol design  |
  +--------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

   Building on the above considerations, the network architecture is
   organized into a two-tier structure, that distinguishes between ESPs
   and quantum-edge nodes:

   *  Bottom Tier (tier-1): Edge quantum nodes, including processors,
      sensors, cryptographic devices.  These nodes consume entanglement
      resources to support quantum applications and connect primarily to
      nearby ESPs via short-range quantum links.

   *  Top Tier (tier-2): ESPs form the entanglement-core network, by
      providing end-to-end entanglement-based connectivity to the lowest
      tier, via proactive maintenance of entangled resources among each
      other.  The EPSs can be interconnected via long-range quantum



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      links, such as optical fibers, and they are equipped with the
      sophisticated and resource-intensive infrastructure required for
      entanglement generation and distribution.

   Overall orchestration is achieved through EDCs, distributed logical
   entities that maintain coherent global or partial topological views.
   EDCs act as the quantum-native counterpart of SDN controllers,
   linking control logic directly to quantum states and enabling state-
   aware, entanglement-driven routing.

   EDCs perform primarily three control-plane functions:

   *  Reconfiguration: dynamic management and reallocation of
      entanglement resources among ESPs.

   *  Monitoring: assessment of fidelity, coherence time, and
      availability of entanglement resources across ESPs.

   *  Policy enforcement: application of global policies for routing,
      resource allocation, and entanglement-loss recovery.

   Although EDCs reflect a centralized control logic, the architecture
   supports multiple, potentially federated controllers.  These EDCs
   coordinate to share partial topological knowledge and enforce
   consistent entanglement resource policies, while preserving local
   autonomy and scalability.

5.  Quantum Internet Addressing (QA)

   The architectural decoupling of the QCP and QDP is a necessary
   condition for scalability, but it is not sufficient.  To manage in-
   network operations and maintain persistent state awareness required
   by entanglement, the control plane itself must be designed to embrace
   quantum principles and phenomena for effectively controlling
   entanglement dynamics.  This requirement follows once again from the
   non-local nature of quantum entanglement: entanglement proximity
   cannot be confined to physical distance or restricted to fixed
   topological neighborhoods.  As a result, a control plane, built upon
   locality and topological-driven addressing such as IP, cannot
   efficiently track, respond to, or propagate entanglement state
   changes across the network.  A fundamental rethinking of network
   addressing and control mechanisms is therefore needed to embed
   quantum behavior directly into the node identifiers, thereby
   elevating the control plane to a quantum-native level.

   Quantum addressing (QA) provides the logical foundation for this
   quantum-native control model.  QA does not replace classical
   addressing; rather QA complements it by enabling control and



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   forwarding processes to operate directly on quantum states.  Hence,
   each network node is equipped with two types of identifiers: i) a
   classical address, such as an IP address, required for classical
   communications and signaling; ii) and a quantum address, represented
   by a quantum state |A > of a N-qubit system.

   Since qubit states can exist in superposition, a sequence of N-qubits
   can encode a single node identity, i.e., a single quantum network
   address, or a superposition of node identities, with each state
   denoting a distinct network address.  In this way, a single quantum
   address can represent a set of quantum nodes, inherently supporting
   compactness of routing tables.

5.1.  Quantum Packet

   In the EPS paradigm, packet forwarding does not rely on the physical
   transmission of qubits but on the manipulation of shared entanglement
   between nodes.  The QA model requires a corresponding quantum packet
   structure that supports quantum-native forwarding and routing
   operations.

5.1.1.  Quantum Packet Structure

   A quantum packet consists of a quantum header and a quantum payload.

   *  Quantum Header: carries quantum addresses that enable the network
      nodes to interpret and ''forward'' (in the generalized sense)
      entanglement packets according to the quantum-routing logic.

   *  Quantum Payload: carries the entanglement resources |e_i > to be
      distributed to the destination node(s).

   The following ASCII diagram illustrates the conceptual structure of a
   quantum packet for documentation only.  The model is not limited to
   bipartite entanglement.

  +---------------------------------+----------------------------------+
  |       Quantum Header            |     Quantum Payload              |
  +---------------------------------+----------------------------------+
  |   - Quantum Address |A>         |  - Entangled qubits |e_i>        |
  |   - Optional metadata           |   (bipartite or multipartite)    |
  +---------------------------------+----------------------------------+









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6.  Generalized Quantum Forwarding (GQF)

   End-to-end entanglement distribution can be logically divided into
   two distinct phases: routing and forwarding [AbaCub25].  Routing
   determines the entanglement path, according to the selected routing
   metric, while forwarding performs the quantum operations on the
   entangled resources required to sustain quantum connectivity.

   In classical networks, the forwarding logic follows a match-and-
   forward paradigm, where the destination address is extracted from the
   packet header and matched against the routing table.  In the Quantum
   Internet, this logic is generalized toward entanglement manipulation,
   enabling forwarding decisions that act directly on quantum states in
   accordance with quantum-native principles.

6.1.  Role within the Architecture

   Within the architecture, forwarding operations result from the
   interaction between the QDP and the QCP, through the EDCs and ESPs:

   *  QCP populates ESP routing tables and maintains topological
      information.

   *  ESP performs the quantum operations required for forwarding based
      on locally available entanglement resources and policies provided
      by the QCP.

   Forwarding decisions require the capability to operate directly on
   quantum identifiers.  This is enabled by the quantum header in the
   packet, which carries the quantum equivalent of the source address
   and destination address.

7.  Quantum-Native Principles

   This section extends the architectural principles provided in
   [RFC9340] by introducing a set of quantum-native principles that
   guide the design and operation of scalable Quantum Internet.  These
   principles reflect the physical properties of entanglement and the
   architectural requirements arising from entanglement-driven
   networking:

   *  Entanglement Packet Switching.
      The network adopts an entanglement-packet switching paradigm,
      where entangled bits (ebits) serve as the fundamental network
      units.  These “quantum packets” carry quantum correlations across
      network nodes.





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   *  Explicit Plane Decoupling.
      The architecture explicitly separates the Quantum Data Plane (QDP)
      from the Quantum Control Plane (QCP).  This decoupling is
      essential for scalability.

   *  Quantum Addressing.
      The network logic adheres to a quantum-native control model, and
      Quantum Addressing (QA) provides the logical foundation for it.

   *  Stateful Core Network, Lightweight Edges.
      The network core -- formed by ESPs -- is inherently stateful.
      Conversely, edge nodes remain lightweight.

   *  Entanglement-Aware Metrics.
      Routing and orchestration decisions rely on quantum-aware metrics,
      such as fidelity, residual coherence time, purification overhead,
      and entanglement availability.

   *  Hybrid Control Coexistence.
      The architecture must support the coexistence of classical and
      quantum control planes.

8.  Security Considerations

   As an Informational document, this draft does not propose any
   specific mechanisms to ensure security.  The security considerations
   provided in RFC9340 apply for this document as well.

9.  IANA Considerations

   This memo includes no requests to IANA.

10.  Acknowledgments

   This document is based on work funded by the European Union under the
   ERC grant QNattyNet, n.101169850.  Views and opinions expressed are
   however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect
   those of the European Union or the European Research Council.
   Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held
   responsible for them.

11.  Informative References

   [CalCac25] Caleffi, M. and A. S. Cacciapuoti, "Quantum Internet
              Architecture: unlocking Quantum-Native Routing via Quantum
              Addressing", July 2025,
              <https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.19655>.




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   [RFC9340]  Kozlowski, W., Wehner, S., Van Meter, R., Rijsman, B.,
              Cacciapuoti, A. S., Caleffi, M., and S. Nagayama,
              "Architectural Principles for a Quantum Internet",
              RFC 9340, DOI 10.17487/RFC9340, March 2023,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9340>.

   [RFC1958]  Carpenter, B., "Architectural Principles of the Internet",
              RFC 1958, 1996, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1958>.

   [RFC3439]  Bush, R. and D. Meyer, "Some Internet Architectural
              Guidelines and Philosophy", RFC 3439, 2002,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3439>.

   [AbaCub25] Abane, A., Cubeddu, M., Mai, V. S., and A. Battou,
              "Entanglement routing in quantum networks: A comprehensive
              survey", IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering 2025,
              2025, <10.1109/TQE.2025.3541123>.

   [KreRam14] Kreutz, D., Ramos, F. M. V., Verissimo, P. E., Rothenberg,
              C. E., Azodolmolky, S., and S. Uhlig, "Software-defined
              networking: A comprehensive survey", Proceedings of the
              IEEE 2014, 2014, <10.1109/JPROC.2014.2371999>.

   [KurRos10] Kurose, J. and K. Ross, "Computer Networks: A Top-Down
              Approach", 2010.

   [KriCla07] Krioukov, D., Claffy, K. C., Fall, K., and A. Brady, "On
              compact routing for the Internet", SIGCOMM Computer
              Communication Review 37, 2007,
              <https://doi.org/10.1145/1273445.1273450>.

   [IllCal22] Illiano, J., Caleffi, M., Manzalini, A., and A. S.
              Cacciapuoti, "Quantum Internet Protocol Stack: a
              Comprehensive Survey", August 2022,
              <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/
              S1389128622002250>.

Authors' Addresses

   A. S. Cacciapuoti
   University of Naples Federico II
   Email: angelasara.cacciapuoti@unina.it


   M. Caleffi
   University of Naples Federico II
   Email: marcello.caleffi@unina.it




Cacciapuoti, et al.        Expires 18 May 2026                 [Page 13]

Internet-Draft   Quantum-Native Architectural Tenets and   November 2025


   J. Illiano
   University of Naples Federico II
   Email: jessica.illiano@unina.it


   C. De Risi
   University of Naples Federico II
   Email: cat.derisi@studenti.unina.it











































Cacciapuoti, et al.        Expires 18 May 2026                 [Page 14]
