



rtgwg                                                            S. Jian
Internet-Draft                                                  W. Cheng
Intended status: Informational                              China Mobile
Expires: 31 August 2026                                 27 February 2026


 Distributed Inference Network (DIN) Problem Statement, Use Cases, and
                              Requirements
             draft-song-rtgwg-din-usecases-requirements-01

Abstract

   This document describes the problem statement, use cases, and
   requirements for a "Distributed Inference Network" (DIN) in the era
   of pervasive AI.  As AI inference services become widely deployed and
   accessed by billions of users, applications and devices, traditional
   centralized cloud-based inference architectures face challenges in
   scalability, latency, security, and efficiency.  DIN aims to address
   these challenges by leveraging distributed edge-cloud collaboration,
   intelligent scheduling, and enhanced network security to support low-
   latency, high-concurrency, and secure AI inference services.

Status of This Memo

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on 31 August 2026.

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   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights



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   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
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   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Conventions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.1.  Enterprise Secure Inference Services  . . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.2.  Edge-Cloud Collaborative Model Training . . . . . . . . .   5
     4.3.  Dynamic Model Selection and Coordination  . . . . . . . .   6
     4.4.  Adaptive Inference Resource Scheduling and
           Coordination  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     4.5.  Privacy-Preserving Split Inference  . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.6.  AI Agent Inference Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
   5.  Requirements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     5.1.  Scalability and Elasticity Requirements . . . . . . . . .   8
     5.2.  Performance and Determinism Requirements  . . . . . . . .   8
     5.3.  Security and Privacy Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
     5.4.  Identification and Scheduling Requirements  . . . . . . .   9
     5.5.  Management and Observability Requirements . . . . . . . .   9
   6.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   8.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10

1.  Introduction

   AI inference is rapidly evolving into a fundamental service accessed
   by billions of users, applications, IoT devices, and AI agents.

   The rapid advancement and widespread adoption of large AI models are
   introducing significant changes to internet usage patterns and
   service requirements.  These changes present new challenges that
   existing network need to address to effectively support the growing
   demands of AI inference services.

   First, internet usage patterns are shifting from primarily content
   access to increasingly include AI model access.








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   Users and applications are interacting more frequently with AI
   models, generating distinct traffic patterns that differ from
   traditional web browsing or streaming.  This shift requires networks
   to better support model inference as an important service type
   alongside conventional content delivery.

   Second, the interaction modalities are diversifying from simple
   human-to-model conversations to include complex multi-modal
   interactions.

   As AI inference costs decrease dramatically, applications, IoT
   devices, and autonomous systems are increasingly integrating AI
   capabilities through API calls and embedded model access.  This
   expansion creates unprecedented demands for high-concurrency
   processing and predictable low-latency responses, as these systems
   often require real-time inference for critical functions including
   autonomous operations, industrial control, and interactive services.

   Third, AI inference workloads introduce distinct traffic
   characteristics that impact network design.

   Both north-south traffic between users and AI services, and east-west
   traffic among distributed AI components, are growing significantly.
   Moreover, the nature of AI inference communication, often organized
   around token generation and processing, introduces new considerations
   for traffic management, quality of service measurement, and resource
   optimization that complement traditional bit-oriented network
   metrics.

   In addition, AI agents are autonomous, goal-driven entities that can
   perceive their environment, make decisions, and execute actions.  AI
   agents communicate with each other and with models/tools, requiring
   not only inference but also coordination, state management, and
   dynamic discovery.  This further stresses the network infrastructure
   and is considered within the scope of this document.

   These developments collectively challenge current network
   infrastructures to adapt to the unique characteristics of AI
   inference workloads.  Centralized approaches face limitations in
   supporting the distributed, latency-sensitive, and concurrent nature
   of modern AI services, particularly in scenarios requiring real-time
   performance, data privacy, and reliable service delivery.

   This document outlines the problem statement, use cases, and
   functional requirements for a Distributed Inference Network (DIN) to
   enable scalable, efficient, and secure AI inference services that can
   address these emerging challenges.




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2.  Conventions and Definitions

   DIN:  Distributed Inference Network

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

3.  Problem Statement

   The proliferation of AI inference services has exposed fundamental
   limitations in traditional centralized AI inference architectures.

   Centralized inference deployments face severe scalability challenges
   when handling concurrent requests from the rapidly expanding
   ecosystem of users, applications, IoT devices, and AI agents.
   Service providers have experienced recurrent outages and performance
   degradation during peak loads, with concurrent inference requests
   projected to grow from millions to billions.  The fundamental
   constraint of concentrating computational resources in limited
   geographical locations creates inherent bottlenecks that lead to
   service disruptions and degraded user experience under massive
   concurrent access.

   While human-to-model conversations may tolerate moderate network
   latency, the emergence of diverse interaction patterns including
   application-to-model, device-to-model, and machine-to-model
   communications imposes stringent low-latency requirements that
   centralized architectures cannot meet.

   Applications including industrial robots, autonomous systems, and
   real-time control platforms require low-latency responses that are
   fundamentally constrained by the unavoidable geographical dispersion
   between end devices and centralized inference facilities.  This
   architectural limitation creates critical barriers for delay-
   sensitive operations across manufacturing, healthcare,
   transportation, and other domains where millisecond to sub-
   millisecond-level response times are essential.

   Enterprise and industrial AI inference scenarios present unique
   security and compliance requirements.  Centralized architectures
   introduce risks such as single points of failure (e.g., vulnerable to
   DDoS/APT attacks) and raise data sovereignty concerns when sensitive
   data must traverse long distances to centralized inference pools.
   Sectors including finance, healthcare, and public services often
   mandate localized processing to comply with regulations.  However,



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   distributed architectures also introduce their own security
   challenges: a larger attack surface, potential for model extraction
   or data leakage from intermediate nodes, and the need for trust among
   distributed components.  The Distributed Inference Network (DIN) aims
   to address these by providing mechanisms for secure, verifiable
   inference within a trusted perimeter while enabling the benefits of
   distribution.

   The rise of AI agents adds new dimensions: agents may be created,
   migrated, or terminated dynamically, requiring the network to support
   agent identity, discovery, and stateful communication across
   distributed nodes.  Current networks lack the necessary abstractions
   to handle agent-scale dynamics.

4.  Use Cases

4.1.  Enterprise Secure Inference Services

   Enterprises in regulated sectors such as finance, healthcare,
   industrial and public services require strict data governance while
   leveraging advanced AI capabilities.  In this use case, inference
   servers are deployed at enterprise headquarters or private cloud
   environments, with branch offices and field devices accessing these
   services through heterogeneous network paths including dedicated
   lines, VPNs, and public internet connections.

   The scenario encompasses various enterprise applications such as AIoT
   equipment inspection, intelligent manufacturing, and real-time
   monitoring systems that demand low-latency, high-reliability, and
   high-security inference services.  Different network paths should
   provide appropriate levels of cryptographic assurance and quality of
   service while accommodating varying bandwidth and latency
   characteristics across the enterprise network topology.

   The primary challenge involves maintaining data sovereignty and
   security across diverse network access scenarios while ensuring
   consistent low-latency performance for delay-sensitive industrial
   applications.

4.2.  Edge-Cloud Collaborative Model Training

   Small and medium enterprises often need to dynamically procure
   additional AI inference capacity while facing capital constraints for
   full-scale inference infrastructure deployment.  This use case
   enables flexible resource allocation where businesses maintain core
   computational resources on-premises while dynamically procuring
   additional inference capacity from AI inference providers during
   demand peaks.



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   The hybrid deployment model allows sensitive data to remain within
   enterprise boundaries while leveraging elastic cloud resources for
   computationally intensive operations.  As enterprise business
   requirements fluctuate, the ability to seamlessly integrate local and
   cloud-based inference resources becomes crucial for maintaining
   service quality while controlling operational costs.

   The network should support efficient coordination between distributed
   computational nodes, ensuring stable performance during resource
   scaling operations and maintaining inference pipeline continuity
   despite variations in network conditions across different service
   providers.

4.3.  Dynamic Model Selection and Coordination

   The transition from content access to model inference access
   necessitates intelligent model selection mechanisms that dynamically
   route requests to optimal computational resources.  This use case
   addresses scenarios where applications should automatically select
   between different model sizes, specialized accelerators, and
   geographic locations based on real-time factors including network
   conditions, computational requirements, accuracy needs, and cost
   considerations.

   The inference infrastructure should support real-time assessment of
   available resources, intelligent traffic steering based on
   application characteristics, and graceful degradation during resource
   constraints.

   Key requirements include maintaining service continuity during model
   switching, optimizing the balance between response time and inference
   quality, and ensuring consistent user experience across varying
   operational conditions.  This capability is particularly important
   for applications serving diverse user bases with fluctuating demand
   patterns and heterogeneous device capabilities.

4.4.  Adaptive Inference Resource Scheduling and Coordination

   The evolution from content access to model inference necessitates
   intelligent resource coordination across different computational
   paradigms.  This use case addresses scenarios where inference
   workloads require adaptive resource allocation strategies to balance
   performance, cost, and efficiency across distributed environments.

   Large-small model collaboration represents a key approach for
   balancing inference accuracy and response latency.  In this pattern,
   large models handle complex reasoning tasks while small models
   provide efficient specialized processing, requiring the network to



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   deliver low-latency connectivity and dynamic traffic steering between
   distributed model instances.  The network should ensure efficient
   synchronization and coherent data exchange to maintain service
   quality across the collaborative ecosystem.

   Prefill-decode separation architecture provides an optimized
   framework for streaming inference tasks.  This pattern distributes
   computational stages across specialized nodes, with prefilling and
   decoding phases executing on optimized resources.  The network should
   provide high-bandwidth connections for intermediate data transfer and
   reliable transport mechanisms to maintain processing pipeline
   continuity, enabling scalable handling of concurrent sessions while
   meeting real-time latency requirements.

   The network infrastructure should support dynamic workload
   distribution, intelligent traffic steering, and efficient
   synchronization across distributed nodes.  This comprehensive
   approach ensures optimal user experience while maximizing resource
   utilization efficiency across the inference ecosystem.

4.5.  Privacy-Preserving Split Inference

   For applications requiring strict data privacy compliance, model
   partitioning techniques enable sensitive computational layers to
   execute on-premises while utilizing cloud resources for non-sensitive
   operations.  This approach is particularly relevant for applications
   processing personal identifiable information, healthcare records,
   financial data, or proprietary business information subject to
   regulatory constraints.

   The network should support efficient transmission of intermediate
   computational results between edge and cloud with predictable
   performance characteristics to maintain inference pipeline
   continuity.  Challenges include maintaining inference quality despite
   network variations, managing computational dependencies across
   distributed nodes, and ensuring end-to-end security while maximizing
   resource utilization efficiency across the partitioned model
   architecture.

4.6.  AI Agent Inference Services

   AI agents are autonomous software entities that combine AI inference
   with decision-making and inter-agent communication.  They can be
   deployed in various forms, including software agents running on user
   devices (e.g., smartphones, PCs), or embedded agents in IoT devices
   and robots.  These agents interact not only with each other in multi-
   agent systems, but also with various tools, APIs, existing
   applications, web services, and software through function calling or



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   other mechanisms.  Additionally, human-agent interaction remains
   essential, particularly when agents require human confirmation for
   critical decisions.  This diverse interaction landscape spans a wide
   range of applications, including personal scheduling, smart home
   automation, industrial process control, and real-time monitoring.

   Unlike human-AI conversations, which may tolerate moderate latency,
   the communication between agents and tools or between agents
   themselves often demands extremely low latency to ensure timely
   execution of tasks.  The network should therefore provide
   deterministic, low-latency connectivity for these machine-to-machine
   interactions, while also supporting dynamic agent discovery, seamless
   migration of agents across locations (e.g., from a mobile device to
   edge), and efficient coordination among distributed agents with
   reliable and secure interactions.  Furthermore, as agents may be
   ephemeral or long-lived, the network needs to handle rapid creation
   and termination of agent sessions without impacting ongoing services.

5.  Requirements

5.1.  Scalability and Elasticity Requirements

   Distributed Inference Network should support seamless scaling to
   accommodate billions of concurrent inference sessions while
   maintaining consistent performance levels.  The network should
   provide mechanisms for dynamic discovery and integration of new
   inference nodes, with automatic load distribution across available
   resources.  Elastic scaling should respond to diurnal patterns and
   sudden demand spikes without service disruption.

5.2.  Performance and Determinism Requirements

   AI inference workloads require consistent and predictable network
   performance to ensure reliable service delivery.  The network should
   provide strict Service Level Agreement (SLA) guarantees for latency,
   jitter, and packet loss to support various distributed inference
   scenarios.  Bandwidth provisioning should accommodate bursty traffic
   patterns characteristic of model parameter exchanges and intermediate
   data synchronization, with performance isolation between different
   inference workloads.











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5.3.  Security and Privacy Requirements

   Comprehensive security mechanisms should protect AI models,
   parameters, and data throughout their transmission across network
   links.  Cryptographic protection should be applied at appropriate
   layers (e.g., network, transport, or application) depending on the
   deployment scenario, with key management and authentication
   integrated.  Privacy-preserving techniques should prevent leakage of
   sensitive information through intermediate representations while
   supporting efficient distributed inference.

5.4.  Identification and Scheduling Requirements

   The network should support fine-grained identification of inference
   workloads to enable appropriate resource allocation and path
   selection.  Application-aware networking capabilities should allow
   inference requests to be steered to optimal endpoints based on
   current load, network conditions, and computational requirements.
   These identifiers, such as agent ID, workflow ID, or job ID, are
   typically defined by the application.  Similar to DNS maps URL to IP
   address, the network may need to map applicaiton layer name or id to
   network-layer addresses or labels, and to enable efficient resource
   routing and orchestration.  The network should also support agent
   registration, discovery, and stateful handover across distributed
   nodes.  Both centralized and distributed scheduling approaches should
   be supported to accommodate different deployment scenarios and
   organizational preferences.

5.5.  Management and Observability Requirements

   The network should provide comprehensive telemetry for performance
   monitoring, fault detection, and capacity planning.  Metrics should
   include inference-specific measurements such as token latency,
   throughput, and computational efficiency in addition to traditional
   network performance indicators.  Management interfaces should support
   automated optimization and troubleshooting across the combined
   compute-network infrastructure.

6.  Security Considerations

   This document highlights security as a fundamental requirement for
   DIN.  The distributed nature of inference workloads creates new
   attack vectors including model extraction, data reconstruction from
   intermediate outputs, and adversarial manipulation of inference
   results.  Security mechanisms should operate at multiple layers while
   maintaining the performance characteristics necessary for efficient
   inference.




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   Compared to centralized architectures, distributed inference
   increases the attack surface but also enables localized processing
   that can reduce data exposure.  The DIN should provide mechanisms to
   establish trust among nodes, such as attestation and secure key
   distribution.

7.  IANA Considerations

   This document has no IANA actions.

8.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2119>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8174>.

Acknowledgments

   The authors would like to thank the contributors from China Mobile
   Research Institute for their valuable inputs and discussions.

Authors' Addresses

   Song Jian
   China Mobile
   China
   Email: songjianyjy@chinamobile.com


   Weiqiang Cheng
   China Mobile
   China
   Email: chengweiqiang@chinamobile.com













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