



Network Working Group                                 F. L. Templin, Ed.
Internet-Draft                              Boeing Technology Innovation
Intended status: Informational                           D. J. Jakubisin
Expires: 16 July 2026         National Security Institute, Virginia Tech
                                                         12 January 2026


       MANET Internetworking: Problem Statement and Gap Analysis
                      draft-templin-manet-inet-02

Abstract

   [RFC2501] defines a MANET as "an autonomous system of mobile nodes.
   The system may operate in isolation, or may have gateways to and
   interface with a fixed network" (such as the global public Internet).
   This document presents a MANET Internetworking problem statement and
   gap analysis.

Status of This Memo

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   This Internet-Draft will expire on 16 July 2026.

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   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.



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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  MANET Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  MANET Internetworking Problem Statement and Gap Analysis  . .   4
     3.1.  Problem 1: MANET Local Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
     3.2.  Problem 2: Autoconfiguration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
     3.3.  Problem 3: MANET-internal Communications  . . . . . . . .   7
     3.4.  Problem 4: MANET Peer to Internetwork Correspondent . . .   7
     3.5.  Problem 5: Internetwork Correspondent to MANET Peer . . .   8
     3.6.  Problem 6: Peer-to-Peer Between Different MANETs  . . . .   8
     3.7.  Problem 7: Stub MANET to Not-so-stubby MANET
           Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   4.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   5.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   6.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   7.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     7.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     7.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   Appendix A.  Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11

1.  Introduction

   Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) [RFC2501] often include mobile nodes
   with limited range wireless transmission media interfaces that
   establish links via a dynamically changing set of neighbors within
   operational range.  Each mobile node engages a MANET routing protocol
   to discover links to first hop neighbors as well as multihop paths to
   reach other nodes beyond.  As IP routers [RFC0791][RFC8200], MANET
   routers represent multihop paths as "host routes" established through
   either proactive or reactive discovery.

   Individual MANETs typically include modest numbers of mobile nodes
   (e.g., O(1), O(10), O(100), etc.); this naturally limits the number
   of host routes needed in the local routing system.  MANETs can merge
   to form larger MANETs and/or partition into smaller MANETs according
   to dynamic network conditions such as mobility.  MANETs often operate
   autonomously unless or until they encounter Internetwork access
   points of opportunity.

   Data communications between two nodes within the same MANET follow
   host routes using MANET-internal links.  When a MANET router
   establishes an Internetwork link, it can provide "Internet
   connection-sharing" access to the rest of the MANET as a connected
   "stub" network.  Per [RFC2501], "stub networks carry traffic
   originating at and/or destined for internal nodes, but do not permit
   exogenous traffic to "transit" through the stub network".



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   Practical applications however suggest that MANETs can act as either
   true stub networks (e.g., a cellphone providing a hotspot for a
   multihop WiFi SSID) or as "not-so-stubby" networks (e.g., Intelligent
   Transportation Systems where the 5G/6G "SideLink" service supports
   vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) multihopping).  In the former case, the
   cellphone acts as an IP router for a stub WiFi MANET behind it and
   the individual WiFi nodes act as dependent nodes.  In the latter
   case, individual 5G/6G SideLink nodes can connect the stub MANETs
   they aggregate across not-so-stubby V2V multihop forwarding paths.
   MANET Internetworking must therefore be capable of accommodating all
   such scenarios.

   Google AI reports that: "There are currently more mobile phones than
   people in the world.  While the exact number fluctuates, estimates
   suggest there are over 12 billion mobile connections worldwide".
   Each mobile node that connects to the global public Internet can in
   some sense be regarded as a network access point for a singleton
   "MANET" with the potential to connect still larger MANETs.

   MANET Internetworking therefore regards the global Internet as a
   "network of (mobile ad-hoc) networks", and with unrestricted dynamic
   relationships between distinct local MANET routing regions joined by
   virtual circuits.  Figure 1 illustrates an example of two distinct
   MANETs joined by a virtual circuit using the Internet as transit:


                                .-(::::::::)
                             .-(::: Global ::)-.
                     +======(===================)======+
                     |        `-(: Internet :)-'       |
                     |           `-(::::::)-'          |
                     v                                 v
              .-(::::::::)                       .-(::::::::)
           .-(::::::::::::)-.                 .-(::::::::::::)-.
          (::::: MANET 1 :::::)              (::::: MANET 2 :::::)
            `-(::::::::::::)-'                 `-(::::::::::::)-'
               `-(::::::)-'                       `-(::::::)-'

                      Figure 1: MANET Internetworking

2.  MANET Use Cases

   MANETs have an important role in emergency response communications,
   disaster relief situations, communications in remote and rural areas,
   military operations, vehicular and swarm communications, and low-
   powered Internet of things (IoT) applications.  MANETs provide the
   ability to establish and maintain communications when infrastructure-
   based networks, such as 5G cellular communication systems, are not



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   accessible.  As described above, MANETs may also provide Internet
   connectivity to internal nodes, for example, as a "stub" network via
   MANET routers which possess an Internetworking capability and an
   external connection to a radio access network.

   Example use cases of such MANETs include the following:

   *  Disaster Relief: Disaster situations may compromise network
      infrastructure, such as through the loss of base stations in a
      cellular radio access network (RAN).  In this scenario, MANET
      networks can play a role in closing coverage gaps through multi-
      hop routing to nodes within the coverage area of uncompromised
      base stations.  This use case is broadly applicable to any
      situation in which nodes are operating outside or at the periphery
      of RAN coverage.

   *  Tracking and Monitoring: Another example use case is the tracking
      and monitoring of data from low-cost low-power IoT devices
      ("tags") which may be placed on packages during shipment or
      storage.  Such devices may transition in and out of coverage of
      infrastructure-based networks, often being located in environments
      that are not conducive to RF propagation (e.g., shipping
      container, warehouse, etc.).  The ability to discover and connect
      to neighboring MANET-enabled devices and to establish Internet
      connectivity through such MANETs, enables real-time logistics and
      inventory data to be collected opportunistically.

   *  UAV Swarms: local communications within swarms for coordination
      and cooperation is a good use case for MANET networks due to the
      highly mobile dynamic nature of such networks.  Yet swarms may
      also benefit from connectivity to the Internet, or other external
      networks.  And in large swarm-based MANETs, routing of traffic
      through infrastructure networks to MANET endpoints, rather than
      traversing the entire MANET can improve communications throughput
      and reliability.

3.  MANET Internetworking Problem Statement and Gap Analysis

3.1.  Problem 1: MANET Local Addressing

   Each MANET router requires a unique IP address for MANET-local
   communications; the router often uses this same address to configure
   a unique "router ID".  For MANETs that are only intermittently
   connected to an Internetwork, these addresses must be generated from
   IP prefixes of scope greater than link-local but not associated with
   infrastructure aggregation points.  For all MANET types, each
   address/ID must be locally-unique within the (limited) local MANET
   routing domain.  For not-so-stubby MANETs, the address/ID must also



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   be globally-unique among all local MANET routing domains worldwide.

   The locally-unique property ensures that no two nodes that
   participate in the MANET routing protocol within the same local
   routing domain configure the same address/ID.  The globally-unique
   property may seem moot until one considers that MANETs can merge with
   other MANETS, and nodes from a first MANET can freely move to other
   MANETs.  This may allow a node from a first MANET where there are no
   duplicates to interact with other MANETs where a duplicate address
   may be encountered resulting in unpredictable behavior and/or
   communication failures.

   Although the node population for each MANET local routing domain is
   likely to be modest, the total population of MANET nodes may be on
   the order of the number of worldwide mobile connections (see:
   Section 1).  Assuming the google estimate of O(10**10) wireless
   connections, if MANET nodes assigned random addresses from a 64-bit
   space, the probability of one or more collisions within the total
   world population (i.e., when multiple nodes independently configure
   the same address) exceeds 98% [RFC9374].  With such a high likelihood
   of duplication in the worldwide population, an unresolvable collision
   could occur if duplicates ever met within the same local routing
   domain (e.g., following a MANET merge).

   For stub MANETs that always acts independently of all others, the
   risk of a duplication event within each local routing domain due to a
   new node joining is vanishingly small even for extreme mobility
   frequencies according to Appendix A.2 of [RFC4429].  Stub MANETs can
   therefore rely on statistical uniqueness properties of randomly
   assigned addresses.

   When MANET Internetworking is applied to connect routers in different
   not-so-stubby MANETs, however, independent local routing domains are
   dynamically joined by on-demand virtual circuits across the
   Internetwork overlay as a normal course of operational data
   communications.  When these MANET merge events occur, the MANET local
   IP addresses present in the source and destination MANETs must be
   mutually exclusive.  These merge events must further be considered to
   occur at truly unbounded frequencies across the global population due
   to the unpredictable nature of worldwide Internetworking dynamics for
   peer-to-peer communications.  Statistical uniqueness properties of
   random assignments from even very large populations may therefore be
   insufficient to ensure collision freedom since MANET Internetworking
   exposes the full world population of MANET local addresses as
   potential duplicates.






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   Nodes in not-so-stubby MANETs should therefore configure MANET local
   addresses managed for uniqueness even if they first self-generate the
   addresses before enrolling them in a registration service.  Such
   address registration is not required for nodes that only connect via
   stub MANETs.

3.2.  Problem 2: Autoconfiguration

   When a MANET comes in contact with a fixed Internetwork such as the
   global public Internet, nodes in the MANET that engage global mobile
   Internetworking services require some means of autoconfiguring
   global-scoped IP addresses and/or prefixes that are properly routable
   by network elements accessible from the current point of attachment.
   These network elements are typically proxies or routers of some
   variety that connect to the mobile routing system.

   Nodes in the local MANET that are multiple IP hops away from an
   Internet connection sharing peer cannot use unmodified standard
   autoconfiguration services including IPv6 Neighbor Discovery (IPv6ND)
   [RFC4861] or DHCPv6 [RFC8415] over a MANET interface since these
   services are link-scoped in nature.  (The DHCPv6 architecture
   includes a "relay" function, but the dynamic nature of links in
   (multi-link) local MANET routing regions may interfere with
   straightforward application of DHCPv6 relays.)

   Two methods of supporting generalized autoconfiguration for nodes
   within a MANET have been suggested.  In a first method (conducted
   directly over MANET interfaces) first-hop neighboring nodes within
   the MANET collectively participate to repeat link-scoped
   autoconfiguration discovery requests to other neighbors that are
   topologically closer to an Internet connection sharing node.  This
   hop-by-hop process continues between neighbors until the request
   arrives at an Internet connection sharing node that can then contact
   an Internetwork element capable of delegating an Internet Service
   Provider (ISP) Provider-Aggregated (PA) IP address or prefix.  The
   Internetwork element then returns the delegated IP address/prefix in
   a reply that traverses the reverse path to the original requesting
   node.  Each MANET router then configures a route to this IP address/
   prefix within the MANET local routing protocol, i.e., the MANET local
   routing protocol becomes aware of the delegation.

   In a second autoconfiguration method, the requesting node configures
   a (virtual) overlay multilink network interface over its (physical)
   MANET interface(s) and issues standard link-scoped IPv6ND and/or
   DHCPv6 requests over the virtual interface.  The virtual interface
   applies encapsulation to provide the appearance of a single Non-
   Broadcast Multiple Access (NBMA) link spanning the entire (multilink)
   MANET.  This virtual link supports standard link-scoped



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   autoconfiguration services coordinated with an Internetwork element
   capable of delegating an address.  For stub MANETs, the Internet
   connection sharing node itself delegates a public or private IP
   address.  For not-so-stubby MANETS, an overlay Internetwork Mobility
   Anchor Point (MAP) delegates a Mobility Service Provider (MSP) Mobile
   Network Prefix (MNP) as a Provider-Independent (PI) IP prefix
   maintained by the overlay for the requesting node to provision on
   downstream-attached interfaces.  The MAP then returns the delegated
   IP prefix in a link-scoped reply over the virtual interface that
   traverses the reverse path to the original requesting node.  Each
   MANET router optionally configures a route to this IP address via the
   virtual interface, i.e., the MANET local routing protocol is
   optionally made aware of the delegation within the virtual overlay.

3.3.  Problem 3: MANET-internal Communications

   Two nodes located within the same local MANET routing region should
   be able to communicate (across multiple hops if necessary) using
   MANET local addressing with no external Internetwork infrastructure
   reference points.  As long as the MANET-local addresses configured by
   communicating peers are unique, the MANET local routing system
   maintains continuous multihop forwarding services to ensure session
   continuity.

   Nodes within the local MANET routing region can discover the MANET
   local addresses of peers using services like Multicast DNS (mDNS)
   [RFC6762] supported by Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF)
   [RFC6621].  Peer-to-peer communications can then be coordinated
   either in multihop fashion directly over the physical MANET
   interfaces or via a single virtual hop using overlay multilink
   network interface encapsulation.  In that case, the MANET peers
   establish an on-demand virtual circuit spanning any intermediate hops
   in the path.

3.4.  Problem 4: MANET Peer to Internetwork Correspondent

   When an originating peer (or its stub MANET Internet connection-
   sharing node) within a not-so-stubby MANET needs to communicate with
   a correspondent connected elsewhere in an external Internetwork, the
   peer consults the global DNS which returns a (stable) globally-
   routable IP address for the correspondent.  The peer can then use one
   of its MNP-based IP addresses obtained through autoconfiguration and
   the global IP address of the Internetwork correspondent as the source
   and destination addresses for packet exchanges.

   The MANET peer first establishes an on-demand virtual circuit in the
   overlay to an Internetwork relay beyond the MANET border.  MANET
   local multihop routing will then convey the peer's original packets



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   to the MANET border which then forwards them via the overlay to an
   Internetwork relay which directs the packets to the correspondent
   node.

   In the reverse path, the correspondent uses the MNP-based IP address
   of the peer obtained from the source address of initiating packets as
   the destination address for reply packets.  Standard Internetwork
   routing will direct the packets back to the relay which then forwards
   them via an on-demand overlay virtual circuit to the originating
   peer's MANET border.  MANET-local routing and forwarding will then
   convey the packets over one or more MANET-local hops until they
   ultimately reach the peer.

   In this case, the originating peer's IP address need not appear in
   the global DNS since the correspondent discovers the address by
   examining the source of received packets.

3.5.  Problem 5: Internetwork Correspondent to MANET Peer

   When an Internetwork correspondent needs to communicate with a target
   peer within a local MANET routing region, the correspondent consults
   the global DNS to determine an IP address for the peer.

   The correspondent then forwards packets via standard Internet routing
   until they arrive at a relay.  The relay then establishes an on-
   demand virtual circuit in the overlay to the MANET peer then begins
   forwarding packets via the virtual circuit until they reach the
   destination.  Reverse path forwarding from the MANET peer to the
   Internetwork correspondent is then conducted in the same manner
   described in Section 3.4.

   IP addresses covered by delegated prefixes remain stable even across
   MANET-wide mobility events to the point that continuous dynamic
   updates to the DNS are not required to maintain uninterruptable
   communications.  While it is possible that mobility events may cause
   minor temporary disruptions, transport protocol retransmissions will
   maintain continuity for any ongoing sessions.

3.6.  Problem 6: Peer-to-Peer Between Different MANETs

   When two prospective peer nodes are located in different MANET local
   routing regions separated by one or more transit Internetwork
   segments, both peers should include their IP addresses in their
   global DNS resource records for the same reasons cited in
   Section 3.5.

   The peers then establish on-demand virtual circuits in the overlay to
   support peer-to-peer bidirectional packet forwarding.



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   Maintaining address mappings requires a certain degree of
   coordination between peer nodes and the MSP.  The MSP is responsible
   for ensuring that each peer remains reachable at its stable IP
   address/prefix through distributed mobility management.

3.7.  Problem 7: Stub MANET to Not-so-stubby MANET Connections

   When an Internet connection sharing MANET router connects a stub
   MANET, it can either delegate public IP addresses to stub MANET nodes
   or delegate private IP addresses then apply Network Address
   Translation (NAT) to support external communications.

   In the public case, all manners of peer-to-peer communications are
   made possible due to the globally routable nature of the addresses.
   In the NAT case, only communications initiated by a stub network peer
   are supported since the reverse path terminates at the NAT.

   The stub MANET itself may configure a local overlay that regards the
   (multihop) MANET as a single unified link.  In that case, the stub
   network overlay link is distinct from the overlay link that spans the
   global public Internet and the two links are joined by an IPv6
   router.

   In the not-so-stubby case, a single overlay link extends across both
   any transit Internetworks and the source and target MANETs
   themselves.  All peer-to-peer communications are therefore conveyed
   across the monolithic Internetwork overlay.

4.  IANA Considerations

   This document is an informational problem statement and does not in
   itself request any IANA actions.  IANA considerations can be found in
   solution space documents.

5.  Security Considerations

   This document is an informational problem statement and does not in
   itself address security.  Security considerations can be found in
   solution space documents.

6.  Acknowledgements

   Discussions on the MANET working group mailing list helped shape
   concepts exposed in this document.  Abdussalam Baryun encouraged a
   MANET use case analysis.  Polls conducted by chairs during the
   IETF124 MANET working group session presentation of this document
   showed unanimous and substantial interest in MANET Internetworking:
   https://datatracker.ietf.org/meeting/124/materials/minutes-124-manet-



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   202511061630-00.

   This work is aligned with the Boeing/Virginia Tech National Security
   Institute (VTNSI) 5G MANET research program.

   Honoring life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

7.  References

7.1.  Normative References

   [RFC0791]  Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC0791, September 1981,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc791>.

   [RFC8200]  Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
              (IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.

7.2.  Informative References

   [RFC2501]  Corson, S. and J. Macker, "Mobile Ad hoc Networking
              (MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and
              Evaluation Considerations", RFC 2501,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2501, January 1999,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2501>.

   [RFC4429]  Moore, N., "Optimistic Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)
              for IPv6", RFC 4429, DOI 10.17487/RFC4429, April 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4429>.

   [RFC4861]  Narten, T., Nordmark, E., Simpson, W., and H. Soliman,
              "Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 4861,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4861, September 2007,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4861>.

   [RFC6621]  Macker, J., Ed., "Simplified Multicast Forwarding",
              RFC 6621, DOI 10.17487/RFC6621, May 2012,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6621>.

   [RFC6762]  Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS", RFC 6762,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6762, February 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6762>.







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   [RFC8415]  Mrugalski, T., Siodelski, M., Volz, B., Yourtchenko, A.,
              Richardson, M., Jiang, S., Lemon, T., and T. Winters,
              "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)",
              RFC 8415, DOI 10.17487/RFC8415, November 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8415>.

   [RFC9374]  Moskowitz, R., Card, S., Wiethuechter, A., and A. Gurtov,
              "DRIP Entity Tag (DET) for Unmanned Aircraft System Remote
              ID (UAS RID)", RFC 9374, DOI 10.17487/RFC9374, March 2023,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9374>.

Appendix A.  Change Log

   << RFC Editor - remove prior to publication >>

   Differences from -01 to -02:

   *  Simplified addressing model under Autoconfiguration section.  Only
      autoconfiguration now necessary is for Mobile Network Prefixes
      (MNPs).

   Differences from -00 to -01:

   *  Included use case discussion.

   *  Slight clarification to addressing model.

   Differences from earlier versions:

   *  First draft publication.

Authors' Addresses

   Fred L. Templin (editor)
   Boeing Technology Innovation
   P.O. Box 3707
   Seattle, WA 98124
   United States of America
   Email: fltemplin@acm.org


   Daniel J. Jakubisin
   National Security Institute, Virginia Tech
   2202 Kraft Dr.
   Blacksburg, VA 24060
   United States of America
   Email: djj@vt.edu




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