



v6ops                                                  J. Palet Martinez
Internet-Draft                                          The IPv6 Company
Intended status: Informational                               A. D'Egidio
Expires: 29 November 2026          Cabase - Cámara Argentina de Internet
                                                             28 May 2026


                       464XLAT/MAT-T Optimization
                draft-ietf-v6ops-464xlat-optimization-05

Abstract

   IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm (SIIT) can be used to provide access
   for IPv4-only hosts or applications to IPv4-only or dual-stack
   destinations over IPv6-only infrastructure.  In that case, the
   traffic flows are translated twice: first from IPv4 to IPv6
   (stateless NAT46 at the ingress point to the IPv6-only
   infrastructure) and then from IPv6 back to IPv4 (stateful NAT64, at
   the egress point).  When the destination is IPv6-enabled, the second
   translation might be avoided.  This document describes a possible
   optimization to 464XLAT and MAP-T to avoid translating IPv6 flows
   back to IPv4 if the destination is reachable over IPv6.  The proposed
   solution would significantly reduce the NAT64 utilization in the
   operator's network, increasing the performance.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on 29 November 2026.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2026 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.





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   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   2.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
   3.  Possible Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   4.  Problem Statement Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
   5.  Solution Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
     5.1.  Approach 1: DNS/Routing-based Solution  . . . . . . . . .   8
     5.2.  Approach 2: NAT46/CLAT/DNS-proxy-EAM-based Solution . . .   9
       5.2.1.  Optimization enabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       5.2.2.  Detection of IPv4-only hosts  . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
       5.2.3.  Detection of IPv6-enabled service . . . . . . . . . .  11
       5.2.4.  CE DNS proxy responses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       5.2.5.  Creation of EAMT entries  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
       5.2.6.  Forwarding path via stateful NAT for existing EAMT
               entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
       5.2.7.  Maintenance of the EAMT entries . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       5.2.8.  Usage example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
       5.2.9.  Behavior in case of multiple A/AAAA RRs . . . . . . .  15
       5.2.10. Behavior in presence/absence of DNS64 . . . . . . . .  15
       5.2.11. Behavior when using literal addresses or non
               IPv6-compliant APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       5.2.12. Behavior in case of Foreign DNS . . . . . . . . . . .  15
       5.2.13. False detection of a dual-stack host as IPv4-only . .  16
       5.2.14. Behavior in presence of Happy Eyeballs  . . . . . . .  17
       5.2.15. Troubleshooting Implications  . . . . . . . . . . . .  18
     5.3.  Approach 3: NAT46/CLAT-provider-EAM-based Solution  . . .  19
   6.  IPv6-only Services become accessible to IPv4-only devices/
           apps  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   7.  Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  20
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   9.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   10. Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21
   11. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     11.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
     11.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25





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1.  Introduction

   Different transition mechanisms, typically in the group of the so-
   called IPv6-only with IPv4aaS (IPv4-as-a-Service), such as 464XLAT
   ([RFC6877]) or MAP-T ([RFC7599]), allow IPv4-only hosts or
   applications to connect with IPv4 services in Internet over IPv6-only
   infrastructure, by means of a stateless NAT46 SIIT (IP/ICMP
   Translation Algorithm) as described by [RFC7915].

   This is done by the implementation of SIIT at the CE (Customer Edge)
   Router or sometimes at the end-device, for example, the UE (User
   Equipment) in cellular networks.  This functionality is the CLAT
   (Customer Translator) in the case of 464XLAT, while in the case of
   MAP-T is called NAT46.

   The NAT46/CLAT (WAN side) is connected by IPv6-only to the operator
   network, which in turn, will have a reverse translation, the stateful
   NAT64 ([RFC6146]), known as PLAT (Provider Translator) in the case of
   464XLAT.  This allows to translate the IPv6 flow back to IPv4, in
   order to forward it to Internet.

   In both cases (NAT46 and NAT64), the translation of the packet
   headers is done using the IP/ICMP translation algorithm defined in
   [RFC7915].  Translation between IPv4 and IPv6 addresses is done as
   per [RFC6052].  The NAT64 prefix should be discovered by the CE by
   one or more of the existing mechanisms ([RFC7225], [RFC8781] or
   [RFC7050]), and sometimes it is pre-configured at the CE to the WKP.

   In addition to that, the concept of IPv6-Mostly
   [I-D.ietf-v6ops-6mops] has been introduced, by taking advantage of a
   new DHCP option [RFC8925] so that networks may cooperate with host
   that have a CLAT and don't need IPv4, can use IPv6-Only.  In some
   cases this could mean that some enterprise networks may also
   incorporate internally stateful NAT64 functions.

2.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.









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3.  Possible Optimization

   In the case of 464XLAT, a DNS64 ([RFC6147]) is (optionally) in charge
   of the synthesis of AAAA records from the A records, so the NAT64 can
   be used without the need of doing a double-translation by means of
   the NAT46/CLAT.

   However, the DNS64 is not useful for the IPv4-only hosts or
   applications in the LANs, as they will not be able to use the AAAA
   records, so they are always forced to use the double-translation.

   This is the expected behavior, as the original design of NAT64 was
   targeted to connect IPv6-only devices (using DNS) to IPv4-only
   services.  464XLAT expanded the solution to also allow IPv4-only
   devices (even if not using DNS) to connect to IPv4-only services by
   means of IPv6-only access networks.

   The optimization solutions presented by this document try to avoid
   this double-translation, in the cases when the services, are already
   IPv6-enabled.  So, in those cases, if the NAT46 already translated
   the IPv4 flow to IPv6, it doesn't look necessary to translate this
   back to IPv4.

   A typical 464XLAT deployment is depicted in Figure 1.

                   +-------+     .-----.                     .-----.
                   | IPv6  |    /       \                   /       \
       .-----.     |  CE   |   /  IPv6-  \     .-----.     /  IPv4   \
      /       \    |  or   +--(   only    )---( NAT64 )---(  Internet )
     /  Dual-  \   |  UE   |   \  Access /\    `-----´     \         /
    (   Stack   )--+       |    \       /  \                \       /
     \  LAN's  /   | with  |     `--+--´    \   .-----.      `-----´
      \       /    | NAT46 |        |        \ /       \
       `-----´     | CLAT  |    +---+----+    /  IPv6   \
                   |       |    |  DNS/  |   (  Internet )
                   +-------+    |  DNS64 |    \         /
                                +--------+     \       /
                                                `-----´

                    Figure 1: Typical 464XLAT Deployment

   Examples of a topology shown on the above picture includes:

   *  An IPv6-only residential access network where the CE Router (with
      NAT46/CLAT) supports Dual-Stack in the customer LANs.






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   *  An IPv6-only cellular network where a UE uses the NAT46/CLAT for
      dual-stack internal applications and other hosts connected via
      tethering.

   If the operator is providing direct access, for example, to Content
   Delivery Networks (CDNs), caches, or other resources, and they are
   dual-stacked, the situation can be described as shown in Figure 2.

                  +-------+     .-----.                     .-----.
                  | IPv6  |    /       \                   /       \
      .-----.     |  CE   |   /  IPv6-  \     .-----.     /  IPv4   \
     /       \    |  or   +--(   only    )---( NAT64 )---(  Internet )
    /  Dual-  \   |  UE   |   \  Access /\    `-----´     \         /
   (   Stack   )--+       |    \       /  \                \       /
    \  LAN's  /   | with  |     `--+--´    \   .-----.      `--+--´
     \       /    | NAT46 |        |        \ /       \         \
      `-----´     | CLAT  |    +---+----+    /  IPv6   \      .--+--.
                  |       |    |  DNS/  |   (  Internet )    / Dual- \
                  +-------+    |  DNS64 |    \         /----/  Stack  \
                               +--------+     \       /    (           )
                                               `-----´      \  CDNs/  /
                                                             \ Caches/
                                                              `-----´

           Figure 2: Typical 464XLAT Deployment with CDNs/Caches

   In this case if the flows initiated in the LANs come from IPv4-only
   hosts or applications, even if the destination resources are
   IPv6-enabled, the double-translation is enforced, which has the
   following consequences:

   *  More traffic needs to pass thru the NAT64 devices.

   *  More NAT64 devices may be needed to handle the additional traffic.

   *  Additional usage of IPv4 addresses.

   *  Additional state at the NAT64 devices.

   *  Additional logging, its relevant storage and processing resources.

   *  Increasing of delay and reduction of traffic performance.

   *  Unnecessary point(s) of failure for that traffic.

   Clearly, all those aspects have impact in both, CapEx and OpEx.  This
   is extremely important when considering that most of the time, the
   contents stored in CDNs, caches, and so on, is there for a good



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   reason: It is frequently accessed resources and/or big.  Examples
   such as video, audio, software and updates, are very common.  So,
   this optimization can be highly impacting in many networks.

4.  Problem Statement Summary

   If the hosts or applications in the customer LAN are IPv6-capable,
   then the access to the CDNs, caches or other resources, will be made
   in an optimized way, by means of IPv6-only, not using the NAT64, as
   depicted in Figure 3.

                  +-------+     .-----.                     .-----.
                  | IPv6  |    /       \                   /       \
      .-----.     |  CE   |   /  IPv6-  \     .-----.     /  IPv4   \
     /       \    |  or   +--(   only    )---( NAT64 )---(  Internet )
    /  IPv6   \   |  UE   |   \  Access /\    `-----´     \         /
   ( capable   )--+       |    \       /  \                \       /
    \  apps   /   | with  |     `--+--´    \   .-----.      `-----´
     \       /    | NAT46 |        |        \ /       \
      `-----´     | CLAT  |    +---+----+    /  IPv6   \      .-----.
                  |       |    |  DNS/  |   (  Internet )IPv6/ Dual- \
                  +-------+    |  DNS64 |    \         /----/  Stack  \
                               +--------+     \       /    (           )
                                               `-----´      \  CDNs/  /
                                                             \ Caches/
                                                              `-----´
   <---------------------- end-to-end IPv6 flow ---------------------->

        Figure 3: 464XLAT access to CDNs/Caches by IPv6-capable apps

   However, if the hosts or applications are IPv4-only, for example,
   many SmartTVs and Set-Top-Boxes available today, a non-optimal double
   translation will occur (NAT46 at the CLAT and NAT64 at the PLAT), as
   illustrated in Figure 4.

















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                  +-------+     .-----.                     .-----.
                  | IPv6  |    /       \                   /       \
      .-----.     |  CE   |   /  IPv6-  \     .-----.     /  IPv4   \
     / IPv4- \    |  or   +--(   only    )---( NAT64 )---(  Internet )
    /  only   \   |  UE   |   \  Access /\    `-----´     \         /
   (  SmartTV  )--+       |    \       /  \                \       /
    \   STB   /   | with  |     `--+--´    \   .-----.      `--+--´
     \ VoIP  /    | NAT46 |        |        \ /       \         \ IPv4
      `-----´     | CLAT  |    +---+----+    /  IPv6   \      .--+--.
                  |       |    |  DNS/  |   (  Internet )    / Dual- \
                  +-------+    |  DNS64 |    \         /    /  Stack  \
                               +--------+     \       /    (           )
                                               `-----´      \  CDNs/  /
                                                             \ Caches/
                                                              `-----´
   <-------------------- IPv4 to IPv6 to IPv4 flow -------------------->

         Figure 4: 464XLAT access to CDNs/Caches by IPv4-only apps

   Clearly, this is a non-optimal situation, as it means that even if
   there is a dual-stack service, the NAT46/CLAT translated IPv4 to IPv6
   traffic flow, is unnecessarily translated back to IPv4, traversing
   the stateful NAT64.  This has a direct impact in the need to scale
   the NAT64 beyond what will be actually needed, if possible solutions,
   in order to keep using the IPv6 path towards those services, are
   considered.

   As shown in the Figure 4, this is also the case for many other
   services, not just CDNs or caches, such as VoIP access to the
   relevant operator infrastructure, which may be also dual-stack.  This
   is true as well for many other dual-stack or IPv6-enabled services,
   which may be directly reachable from the operator infrastructure,
   even if they are not part of it, for example peering agreements,
   services in IXs, etc.  In general, this will become a more frequent
   situation for many other services, which are not yet dual-stack.

   Moreover, it is already well-known that many CDN/caches, already
   offer in case of IPv4 via CGN, routing mechanisms so the private IPv4
   addresses behing the CGN can access access directly the CDN/caches
   without requiring the CGN translation.  That means that IPv6-only
   with IPv4aaS solutions are in a clear disadvantage without the
   optimization as suggested in this document.

   For simplicity, across the rest of this document, references to CDNs/
   caches, should be understood, unless otherwise stated, as any dual-
   stacked resources.





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   This document looks into different possible solution approaches in
   order to optimize the IPv4-only SIIT translation providing a direct
   path to IPv6-capable services, as depicted in Figure 5.

                  +-------+     .-----.                     .-----.
                  | IPv6  |    /       \                   /       \
      .-----.     |  CE   |   /  IPv6-  \     .-----.     /  IPv4   \
     / IPv4- \    |  or   +--(   only    )---( NAT64 )---(  Internet )
    /  only   \   |  UE   |   \  Access /\    `-----´     \         /
   (  SmartTV  )--+       |    \       /  \                \       /
    \   STB   /   | with  |     `--+--´    \   .-----.      `-----´
     \ VoIP  /    | NAT46 |        |        \ /       \
      `-----´     | CLAT  |    +---+----+    /  IPv6   \      .-----.
                  |       |    |  DNS/  |   (  Internet )IPv6/ Dual- \
                  +-------+    |  DNS64 |    \         /----/  Stack  \
                               +--------+     \       /    (           )
                                               `-----´      \  CDNs/  /
                                                             \ Caches/
                                                              `-----´
   <------------------------ IPv4 to IPv6 flow ------------------------>

    Figure 5: Optimized 464XLAT access to CDNs/Caches by IPv4-only apps

5.  Solution Approaches

5.1.  Approach 1: DNS/Routing-based Solution

   Because the IPv4-only devices will not be able to query for AAAA
   records, the NAT46/CLAT/CE will translate the IPv4 addresses from the
   A record for the CDN/cache destination, using the WKP or NSP, as
   configured by the operator.

   If the CDN/cache provider is able to configure, in the relevant
   interfaces of the CDN/caches, the same IPv6 addresses that will
   naturally result as the translated destination addresses for the
   queried A records, preceded by the WKP or NSP, then having more
   specific routing prefixes, will result in traffic to those
   destinations being directly forwarded towards those interfaces,
   instead of needing to traverse the NAT64.

   For example, let's suppose a provider using the WKP (64:ff9b::/96)
   and a SmartTV querying for www.example.com:

       www.example.com                   A       192.0.2.1
       NAT46/CLAT translated to                  64:ff9b::192.0.2.1
       CDN IPv6 interface must be                64:ff9b::192.0.2.1
       Operator must have a specific route to    64:ff9b::192.0.2.1




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   Note: Examples using text representation as per Section 2.3 of
   [RFC6052] and IPv4 documentation addresses following [RFC5737].

   It should be remarked that this approach requires that the path to
   the destination is configured in such way (i.e., more specific
   routing prefixes), that doesn't traverse the NAT64 devices.

   Because the WKP is non-routable, this solution will only be possible
   if the CDN/cache is in the same ASN as the provider network, or
   somehow interconnected without routing thru Internet.

   This solution has the additional drawback of the operational
   complexity/issues added to the operation of the CDN/cache, and the
   need to synchronize any IPv4 interface address changes with the
   relevant IPv6 ones, and possibly with routing.

   However, is well know than several CDN/cache providers already do
   this when using CGN (NAT444), using non-global routable addresses
   such as those defined by [RFC1918] and [RFC5735].  Consequently, it
   should be possible to use the same approach to avoid the stateful
   NAT64 translation, by means of a proper DNS/Routing configuration.

   The approach of using non-global routable addresses ([RFC1918] and
   [RFC5735]) for the synthesys of AAAA RRs is not possible with current
   specifications of [RFC6052], when using the WKP, as it doesn't allow
   to use non-global IPv4 addresses.  However, this has been discussed
   as inconvenient, is not frecuently restricted in stateful NAT64
   implementations and is being reversed by NAT64 WKP
   [I-D.ietf-v6ops-nat64-wkp-1918].

5.2.  Approach 2: NAT46/CLAT/DNS-proxy-EAM-based Solution

   If the NAT46/CLAT/CE, as commonly is the case, is also a DNS proxy/
   stub resolver, it is possible to modify the behavior and create an
   "internal" interaction among both of them.

   This approach uses the existing IPv4 and IPv6 addresses in the A and
   AAAA records, respectively, so no additional complexity/issues added
   to the CDN/caches operations.

   The following sub-sections detail this approach and provide a step-
   by-step example case.









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5.2.1.  Optimization enabling

   This optimization MUST be enabled by default, but only when the WAN
   link is IPv6-only and the NAT46/CLAT is being used.  Note that the
   NAT64/CLAT can only be used if the NAT64 prefix has been discovered.
   This allows the users to get CEs from the retail and take advantage
   of the optimization, without requiring any configuration.

   The CE MUST support a way to completely disable the optimization, in
   order to allow the operator to turn it off in case it is required.

   It is expected as well, that the NAT64/CLAT is only enabled if the
   WAN link is IPv6-only.

5.2.2.  Detection of IPv4-only hosts

   The goal is to ensure that only IPv4-only hosts are optimized.
   Towards that, the CE MUST use ARP and ND (and their relevant caches,
   if the information of a hosts has been already learnt) each time a
   new host starts a connection.  If it is possible to bind the same MAC
   address to both an IPv4 and IPv6 address, then the host is not
   IPv4-only (it may be IPv6-only or dual-stack), and MUST NOT be
   optimized.

   The CE MUST maintain a table of IPv4-only hosts and ensure that if
   any IPv4-only hosts become IPv6-enabled, it is properly handled.

   This mechanism to detect IPv4-only hosts has two drawbacks:

   1.  If a subscriber has intermediate dual-stack routers in between
       the IPv4-only host and the NAT46/CLAT, the IPv4-only hosts will
       be detected as dual-stack, so no optimization will be performed.
       This is not the most common scenario, as typically the devices
       that are more relevant to the optimization (in terms of those
       that generate more IPv4-only traffic) are directly attached to
       the CE, or in bridged interfaces.

   2.  If a host is dual-stack, but has some IPv4-only applications,
       because the host will be detected as dual-stack, none of the
       applications will be optimized.  This is a good trade-off,
       considering the most important traffic to optimize is typically
       coming from real IPv4-only devices such as old SmartTVs/STBs.
       Furthermore, this avoid breaking other mechanisms present only in
       dual-stack hosts, such as Happy Eyeballs [RFC8305] and simplifies
       troubleshooting.






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   It needs to be remarked that, if the detection of the IPv4-only host
   is done incorrectly (either not detecting it or by a false
   detection), the goal is that no harm is caused.  In the worst case,
   optimization MUST NOT be performed.

5.2.3.  Detection of IPv6-enabled service

   In the case of an IPv4-only detected host, the DNS proxy/stub
   resolver MUST actually perform an additional AAAA query, unless the
   information is already present in the Additional Section, as per
   Section 3 of [RFC3596].

   Note that the NAT46/CLAT MUST already know the WKP or NSP being used
   in that network.  If the response contains at least one IPv6 address
   not using the WKP/NSP, it means that the destination is IPv6-enabled
   (because at least one of the IPv6 addresses is not synthesized).
   This means that it is possible for the NAT46/CLAT, to create an
   Explicit Address Mapping ([RFC7757]).

5.2.4.  CE DNS proxy responses

   In the case of an IPv4-only detected host, the CE DNS proxy MUST only
   return the answer to an A query once any of the following happens:

   1.  An answer to the AAAA query has been received.

   2.  A SERVFAIL has been received.

   3.  The "Resolution Delay" has passed.

   The Resolution Delay MUST be set to the same value (50 milliseconds)
   as indicated by Happy Eyeballs [RFC8305].

5.2.5.  Creation of EAMT entries

   An EAM Table (EAMT used for short, across the rest of this document)
   MUST be created/maintained automatically by the NAT46/CLAT, which is
   responsible to prioritize any available entries in the EAMT, versus
   the use of any synthetic AAAA.

   The EAMT entry MUST only be created if all the following conditions
   are met:

   1.  There is not already EAMT entry for the same pair of MAC/
       destination IPv4 address/prefix.

   2.  The source host is IPv4-only.




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   3.  The DNS proxy is ready to return the A answer (according to
       Section 5.2.4).

   4.  There is at least one non-synthesized AAAA response.

   5.  If DNSSEC is available, the response has been locally validated
       or the AD bit has been set by a trusted resolver, as per
       [RFC4035].

   This avoids a slight NAT64 overload and flapping between destination
   addresses (IPv4/IPv6), which may impact some applications, at the
   cost of a small extra delay for the initial communication setup, when
   the EAMT entry doesn't yet exist.

   Each EAMT entry MUST contain, the fields already described in
   [RFC7757] and a few new extensions (as per section 3.1 of [RFC7757]):

   1.  ID: EAMT Entry Index (optional).

   2.  MAC address: Identify the host to which this EAMT entry belongs.

   3.  Destination IPv4 address/prefix: By default, the prefix length is
       32 bits.

   4.  Destination IPv6 address/prefix: By default, the prefix length is
       128 bits.  Only non-synthesized addresses are allowed.

   5.  TTL: It MUST be set to the minimum value from the AAAA/A RR pair.
       In normal conditions the TTL for both A and AAAA records, of a
       given FQDN, should be the same, so this ensures a proper behavior
       if there is any DNS mismatch.

   6.  FQDN: The one that originated the A query for this EAMT entry.
       Required in order to ensure a correct detection of cases such as
       the use of reverse-proxy with a single IPv4 address to multiple
       IPv6 addresses.

   7.  Valid/Stale/Invalid: When set to Stale, means that this EAMT
       entry MUST NOT be used for new connections.  When set to Invalid,
       means that this EAMT entry can be deleted, unless the Auto/Static
       bit is also set.

   8.  Auto/Static: When set to 1, means that this EAMT entry has been
       manually/statically configured, for example by means of an
       explicit configuration (GUI, CLI, provisioning system, etc.).






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   Note that allowing destination IPv4 and IPv6 prefixes, together with
   the Valid/Stale/Invalid and Auto/Static flags, allows manual explicit
   optimization and non-optimization configuration for specific parts of
   Internet.

   When a new EAMT entry is first automatically created, it is flagged
   as "Valid" and "Auto".  If a subsequent A query, with a different
   FQDN, results in an IPv4 address that has already an EAMT entry and a
   different IPv6 address, it means that some reverse-proxy or similar
   functionality is being used by the IPv6-enabled service.  In this
   case, the existing EAMT entry will be marked as "Stale".  No new EAMT
   entry is created for that IPv4 address.  Otherwise, the optimization
   will only allow to access the first set of IPv4/IPv6/FQDN, which may
   break the access to other FQDN that share the same IPv4 address and
   different IPv6 addresses.

   In this case the EAMT entry will still become "Invalid" according the
   TTL, which allows to re-enable optimization if a new query for the A
   record has changed the situation.  For example, maybe the reverse-
   proxy has been removed, or there is now only a single app using it,
   so at the time being, the optimization is again possible without
   creating troubles to other hosts.

   An EAMT entry marked as "Stale" or "Invalid", only affects the
   relevant host.  Other hosts may have their own EAMT entries or they
   are using the regular NAT46/CLAT+NAT64 path (without the
   optimization).

5.2.6.  Forwarding path via stateful NAT for existing EAMT entries

   Following this approach, if there is a valid EAMT entry, for a given
   pair of source-MAC-address/IPv4-destination, the IPv6-native path
   pointed by the IPv6 address of that EAMT entry, will take precedence
   versus the NAT64 path, so the traffic will not be forwarded to the
   NAT64.

   However, this is not sufficient to ensure that individual
   applications are able to keep existing connections.  In many cases,
   audio and video streaming may use a single TCP connection lasting
   from minutes to hours.  Instead, the CDN TTLs may be configured in
   the range from 10 to 300 seconds in order to allow new resolutions to
   switch quickly and to handle large recursive resolvers (with hundreds
   of thousands of clients behind them).

   Consequently, the EAMT entries MUST NOT be used directly to establish
   a forwarding path, but instead, MUST be used to create a stateful NAT
   entry for the 4-tuple for the duration of the session/connection.
   This means that to implement the optimization the NAT46 MUST be



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   stateful.  Typically, stateful NAT46 are implemented by means of a
   stateful NAT44 (which often maybe hardware off-loaded), followed by a
   stateless NAT46.  If the SoC/code is able to do stateless NAT46, this
   still could be used when the optimization is disabled.

5.2.7.  Maintenance of the EAMT entries

   An EAMT entry with the Auto/Static bit set, MUST NOT be automatically
   modified.

   An EAMT entry with the Auto/Static bit clear, MUST be set to Stale in
   case of:

   1.  TTL time-out.

   2.  Or the conditions for creation of the EAMT entry (Section 5.2.5)
       aren't longer met.

   Entries in Stale state MUST be set to Invalid once existing
   connections time-out.

   The Invalid EAMT entries MUST be deleted, unless the Auto/Static bit
   is set.  This allows users/operators to set explicit rules for
   diagnostics or resolution of issues in special situations.

5.2.8.  Usage example

   Using the same example as in the previous approach:

        www.example.com                   A       192.0.2.1
                                          AAAA    2001:db8::a:b:c:d
        EAMT entry                     192.0.2.1  2001:db8::a:b:c:d
        NAT46/CLAT translated to                  2001:db8::a:b:c:d
        CDN IPv6 interface already is             2001:db8::a:b:c:d
        Operator already has a specific route to  2001:db8::a:b:c:d

   The following is an example of the CE behavior after the previous
   case has already created an EAMT entry and a reverse-proxy is
   detected:

   1.  A query for www.example.net A RR is received

   2.  www.example.net A 192.0.2.1

   3.  www.example.net AAAA 2001:db8::e:e:f:f

   4.  A conflict has been detected




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   5.  The existing EAMT entry for 192.0.2.1 is set to Stale

5.2.9.  Behavior in case of multiple A/AAAA RRs

   If multiple A/AAAA RRs are available, any of them could be chosen and
   the optimization will not present any different result to the hosts
   compared with a situation where the optimization is not used.

   Existing DNS proxy/stub resolvers already implement mechanisms for
   DNS Load Balancing ([RFC1794]).  This don't need to be modified to
   implement the optimization if some degree of randomness is already
   secured.

   To secure sufficient randomness, a possible algorithm shall ensure
   that different EAMT entries (for different hosts) are permuted
   randomly among different A/AAAA records on the A/AAAA RR set.

5.2.10.  Behavior in presence/absence of DNS64

   464XLAT can be deployed/used with and without a DNS64.  However, as
   indicated in Section 5.2.3, the EAMT entry is only created when the
   service is IPv6-enabled, because the optimization is only relevant
   for destinations which already have AAAA records.  In those cases
   DNS64 is not relevant.

5.2.11.  Behavior when using literal addresses or non IPv6-compliant
         APIs

   Because the EAMT entries are only created when the NAT46/CLAT/CE
   proxy/stub DNS is being used, any hosts or applications that don't
   use DNS, will not create the relevant entries.

   They will not be optimized unless EAMT entries are statically
   configured.

5.2.12.  Behavior in case of Foreign DNS

   Hosts or applications may use DNS servers from other networks.  For a
   complete description of reasons for that, refer to Section 4.4 of
   [RFC8683].  In the case the DNS is modified, or some hosts or
   applications use other DNS servers, the possible scenarios and the
   implications are:

   a.  Devices configured to use a DNS proxy/resolver which is not the
       CE/NAT46/CLAT (as it is the case for some consumer electronics).
       In this case this optimization will not work, because the EAMT
       entry will not be created based on their own flows.
       Nevertheless, the EAMT entry may be manually created.  However,



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       the lack of EAMT entry, will not impact negatively in the user’s
       hosts/applications (the optimization is not performed).  It
       should be noticed that users commonly, don't change the
       configuration of devices such as SmartTVs or STBs (if they do,
       some other functionalities, such as CDN/caches optimizations may
       not work as well), so this only happens typically if the vendor
       is doing it on-purpose and for good well-known reasons.

   b.  DNS privacy/encryption.  Hosts or applications that use
       mechanisms for DNS privacy/encryption, such as DoT ([RFC7858],
       [RFC8094]), DoH ([RFC8484]) or DoQ ([RFC9250]), will not make use
       of the stub/proxy resolver, so the same considerations as for the
       previous case applies.

   c.  Users that modify the DNS in their Operating Systems.  This is
       quite frequent, however commonly Operating Systems are dual-
       stack, so aren't part of the problem statement described by this
       document and will not be adversely affected.

   d.  Users that modify the DNS in the CE.  This is less common.  In
       this case, this optimization is not adversely affected, because
       it doesn't depend on the operator DNS, it works only based on the
       internal CE interaction between the NAT46/CLAT and the stub/proxy
       resolver.  Note that it may be affected if the operator offers
       different "DNS views" or "split DNS", however this is not related
       to this optimization and will anyway impact in the other possible
       operator optimizations (i.e. CDN/cache features).

   e.  Combinations of the above ones.  No further impact is observed,
       beyond the ones already described.

5.2.13.  False detection of a dual-stack host as IPv4-only

   If a dual-stack host is being detected as IPv4-only, is because it is
   not responding to the CE ND messages, so by all means, should be
   considered, at the time being, as IPv4-only, and consequently EAMT
   entries will be created and traffic will be optimized for IPv4 flows.

   However, if this hosts suddenly become IPv6-enabled (or dual-stack),
   the relevant EAMT entries must be flagged by the CE as "Stale".  The
   host will be able to complete the connections and the entries will be
   marked as "Invalid" and deleted.

   Anyway, those EAMT entries, while "Valid", may not be actually used
   by the dual-stack hosts, because those hosts or applications should
   prefer IPv6, so most probably was either a temporary failure or done
   on-purpose (user, troubleshooting).  If the host is preferring IPv4
   for connecting to the CDN/cache or IPv6-enabled service, it will be



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   actually using the NAT46/CLAT, including the EAMT entry and
   consequently IPv6, so this mechanism will be correcting an
   undesirable behavior.  This may be also a special case, which
   actually seems to be an incoherent host or application
   implementation.

5.2.14.  Behavior in presence of Happy Eyeballs

   Happy Eyeballs [RFC8305] is only enabled in dual-stack hosts.
   Consequently, it is not affected by this optimization because both,
   as the host should not be detected as IPv4-only, following
   Section 5.2.2.

   If Happy Eyeballs triggers a fallback to IPv4 for a given host, it
   will be actually using IPv4 without the optimization, which in turn,
   uses the IPv6-only WAN link of the NAT46/CLAT/CE.  So even if Happy
   Eyeballs is present, IPv4 is expected to be slower than native IPv6
   itself due to delays added by the NAT46/CLAT+NAT64 translations.
   This optimization reduces those delays by eliminating the second
   translation (NAT64) for IPv4-only detected hosts.

   However, there may be cases where this may be understood as
   problematic.  The possible reasons why Happy Eyeballs may trigger an
   IPv4 fallback, in the case of IPv6-only access networks with IPv4aaS,
   in general, can be classified as:

   1.  Failure at the CE or customer LANs.  It may happen that the CE or
       other devices in the customer LANs are showing erratic behaviors
       or malfunctions.  It is difficult to believe that this happens
       only with IPv6, and if that's the case Happy Eyeballs will not
       resolve the issue, because IPv4 is provided as a service on top
       of IPv6.

   2.  Complete failure of the IPv6-only link or IPv6-only operator's
       infrastructure (up to the NAT64).  In this case, IPv4 will not
       work for that subscriber.  Happy Eyeballs will not resolve the
       issue, and instead will only be adding some extra delay (the
       attempt to fallback to IPv4 before timing-out).

   3.  Complete failure of both IPv4 and IPv6 links behind the
       operator's NAT64 towards the destination.  In this case,
       typically both, IPv4 and IPv6 will fail (in many cases, they are
       dual-stack links, not different links).  Again, Happy Eyeballs
       will also fail to resolve the issue.

   4.  Complete failure only in the IPv6 links behind the operator's
       NAT64 towards the destination.  This is less frequent, bus still
       miss-configured AAAA RRs, or diverse paths for IPv4 and IPv6



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       together with outages or IPv6-only routing issues, could generate
       this problem.  In this case, Happy Eyeballs could resolve the
       issue, however.  It will work because the optimization is not
       enabled for dual-stack hosts.

   5.  Partial failure: Slower IPv6 vs IPv4 path end-to-end.  In
       general, the added delay of the IPv4 translations and NATs across
       the path, increases the chances that IPv4 is slower than IPv6.
       However, it may happen that there is some IPv6 specific link
       congestion or packet dropping, that generates the reverse
       situation, so IPv4 become faster than IPv6.  Because the
       optimization is not being used for dual-stack hosts, Happy
       Eyeballs will be resolving the issue.

   In summary, the optimization will not change the Happy Eyeballs
   behaviour.  Furthermore, it should be observed that IPv6 failures
   will also impact other operators (even if not using the
   optimization), and especially those using only NAT64+DNS64 instead of
   464XLAT, or even more, any IPv6-only hosts and applications in any
   operator network across the entire Internet.  It looks like it is
   very important to make sure that, as IPv6 is more prevalent, there is
   a better monitoring and failures are detected ASAP, instead of being
   hidden by Happy Eyeballs, specially in IPv6-only networks.  It should
   be noticed also that in IPv6-only with IPv4aaS, the chances of
   troubles in the IPv4 paths seem to be higher than in the IPv6, as
   there are more translations, more devices, more delays, while the
   optimization will precisely reduce them.

5.2.15.  Troubleshooting Implications

   When there is a need to troubleshoot IPv4 from the CE LANs, it may
   happen that there is an EAMT entry forcing the flow to a given
   destination(s) to use IPv6, which will distort the results, unless
   the host being used is dual-stack (which is the most common
   situation).

   This can be avoided, using a CLI/GUI or provisioning procedure, to
   either completely disable the optimization during the
   troubleshooting, or create specific static EAMT entries, using the
   Valid/Stale/Invalid and Auto/Static flags, as described in
   Section 5.2.5.

   Consequently, the CE MUST allow both, disabling the optimization and
   the setup of manual/static EAMT entries.







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5.3.  Approach 3: NAT46/CLAT-provider-EAM-based Solution

   Instead of using the DNS proxy/stub resolver to create the EAMT
   entries, the operator may push this table (or parts of it) into the
   CE/NAT46/CLAT, by using configuration/management mechanisms.

   This solution has the advantage of not being affected by any DNS
   changes from the user (the EAMT is created by the operator) and
   ensures a complete control from the operator.  However, it may impact
   the cases of devices with a DNS configured by the vendor.

   In general, most of the considerations from the previous approach
   will apply.

   One more advantage of this solution is that the EAMT pairs doesn't
   need to match the "real" IPv4/IPv6 addresses available in the A/AAAA
   records, as shown in the next example.

        www.example.com                   A       192.0.2.1
                                          AAAA    2001:db8::a:b:c:d
        EAMT pulled/pushed entry       192.0.2.1  2001:db8::f:e:d:c
        NAT46/CLAT translated to                  2001:db8::f:e:d:c
        CDN IPv6 interface already is             2001:db8::f:e:d:c
        Operator already has a specific route to  2001:db8::f:e:d:c

   EAMT may contain TTLs which probably are derived from DNS ones, or
   alternatively, a global TTL for the full table.

   An alternative way to configure the table, is that the CE is actually
   pulling the table (or parts of it) from the operator infrastructure.
   In this case it will be mandatory that the entries have individual
   TTLs, again probably derived from the DNS ones.

   This approach has three major drawbacks:

   1.  CDNs are used to do frequent changes at the DNS level, so unless
       the CDNs offer an API or equivalent convenient solution to keep
       updated the EAMT, the operator will need to cache the most
       frequent FQDNs being resolved in their own DNS and based on the
       TTLs, update the EAMT.

   2.  It requires a new protocol, or an extension to existing ones, in
       order to push or pull the EAMT updates.

   3.  It may generate additional bandwidth utilization in the WAN links
       for every CE when the EAMT needs to be update, even when a CE
       reboots.




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6.  IPv6-only Services become accessible to IPv4-only devices/apps

   One of the issues with the IPv6 deployment, is that those services
   which become IPv6-only in Internet, aren't reachable by IPv4-only
   hosts and applications.  This means that new content providers must
   support dual-stack even for new services, even while IPv4 public
   addresses aren't available.

   If NAT46/CLAT/DNS-proxy-EAM approach (Section 5.2) is chosen, it also
   offers the chance to resolve this issue.  This is possible if
   IPv6-only services get configured with an A resource record pointing
   to a well-known IPv4 address despite they aren't actually connected
   to IPv4.  This is out of scope for this document, as it will require
   further work and a reservation by IANA, This will mean that those
   services will work fine if there is a NAT46/CLAT supporting the
   optimization.  This A RR has no negative impact if the NAT46/CLAT
   doesn't exist, or it is not optimized, because is not reachable via
   IPv4-only, so is not a different situation compared with not having
   an A RR.

   The result of this is equivalent to the approach taken by MAP-T
   (Section 12.3 of [RFC7599]).  However, it has the advantage that the
   MAP-T approach is restricted to services in the MAP-T domain.

   In fact, it may become an incentive for the IPv6 deployment in
   Internet services, as it provides the option to use a well-known IPv4
   address (maybe anycast) for the "non-valid" A RR, that points, in
   case of port 80/443 to a web page or service that returns a warning
   such as "This service is only available if the network is properly
   connected to Internet with IPv6".

7.  Conclusions

   NAT46/CLAT/DNS-proxy-EAM approach (Section 5.2) seems the right
   solution for optimizing the access to dual-stack services, whether
   they are located inside or outside the ISP.  It is also the only
   approach which has no additional requirements for the network
   operators (both ISPs and CDN/cache operators).

   Having this type of optimization facilitates and increases the usage
   of IPv6, even for IPv4-only hosts and applications, at the same time
   that decreases the use of the NAT64.

   SIIT already has a SHOULD for EAM support, so it is not a high
   additional burden the support required for existing implementations
   to be updated for this optimization.





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   However, this approach requires a modification of the NAT46/CLAT/CE
   code, which we know it can take a long time to be not only in the
   market, but also into firmware upgrades applied to existing CEs.
   Instead DNS/Routing-based Solution approach (Section 5.1), is already
   being used for CGN (NAT444) deployments, so it makes sense that those
   deployments, when the CDN/caches, already are dual-stacked, and have
   an internal routing path make use of the WKP with non-global routable
   IPv4 addresses.

   Note that this approach can also be used in IPv6-Mostly deployments
   when the stateless NAT64 is routed internally in the enterprise
   network.

   In summary, we shall recommend the DNS/Routing-based Solution
   approach (Section 5.1).

8.  Security Considerations

   This document does not have any new specific security considerations,
   besides the ones already known for DNS64.

   Spoofed DNS responses could generate incorrect EAMT entries.
   However, this seems not different than if the optimization is not in
   place and the spoofed DNS responses are cached by the CE DNS proxy/
   stub resolver or even by hosts in the CE LANs.  It very much depends
   on how and where the attack is actually performed.

   In both cases, 464XLAT and MAP-T, the CE device should contain a DNS
   proxy/stub resolver, which is also required for the optimization.
   Nevertheless, it is common that the user change DNS settings.  If it
   happens, in the case of MAP-T, the port-set is restricted for an
   efficient public IPv4 address sharing, so the entropy of the source
   ports is significantly lowered.  In this case, theoretically MAP-T is
   less resilient against cache poisoning ([RFC5452]) compared with
   464XLAT.  However, an efficient cache poisoning attack requires that
   the subscriber operates its own caching DNS server and the attack is
   performed in the service provider network, so the chances of a
   successful exploitation of this vulnerability are low.

9.  IANA Considerations

   This document does not have any new specific IANA considerations.

10.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to acknowledge the inputs of Erik Nygren, Fred
   Baker, Martin Hunek, Chongfeng Xie, Fernando Gont, Fernando Frediani,
   Jen Linkova, Eduard Vasilenko and Philip Homburg.



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11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3596]  Thomson, S., Huitema, C., Ksinant, V., and M. Souissi,
              "DNS Extensions to Support IP Version 6", STD 88,
              RFC 3596, DOI 10.17487/RFC3596, October 2003,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3596>.

   [RFC4035]  Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
              Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security
              Extensions", RFC 4035, DOI 10.17487/RFC4035, March 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4035>.

   [RFC5452]  Hubert, A. and R. van Mook, "Measures for Making DNS More
              Resilient against Forged Answers", RFC 5452,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5452, January 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5452>.

   [RFC6052]  Bao, C., Huitema, C., Bagnulo, M., Boucadair, M., and X.
              Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", RFC 6052,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6052, October 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6052>.

   [RFC6146]  Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful
              NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6
              Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, DOI 10.17487/RFC6146,
              April 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6146>.

   [RFC6147]  Bagnulo, M., Sullivan, A., Matthews, P., and I. van
              Beijnum, "DNS64: DNS Extensions for Network Address
              Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6147,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6147, April 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6147>.

   [RFC6877]  Mawatari, M., Kawashima, M., and C. Byrne, "464XLAT:
              Combination of Stateful and Stateless Translation",
              RFC 6877, DOI 10.17487/RFC6877, April 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6877>.







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   [RFC7050]  Savolainen, T., Korhonen, J., and D. Wing, "Discovery of
              the IPv6 Prefix Used for IPv6 Address Synthesis",
              RFC 7050, DOI 10.17487/RFC7050, November 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7050>.

   [RFC7225]  Boucadair, M., "Discovering NAT64 IPv6 Prefixes Using the
              Port Control Protocol (PCP)", RFC 7225,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7225, May 2014,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7225>.

   [RFC7599]  Li, X., Bao, C., Dec, W., Ed., Troan, O., Matsushima, S.,
              and T. Murakami, "Mapping of Address and Port using
              Translation (MAP-T)", RFC 7599, DOI 10.17487/RFC7599, July
              2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7599>.

   [RFC7757]  Anderson, T. and A. Leiva Popper, "Explicit Address
              Mappings for Stateless IP/ICMP Translation", STD 103,
              RFC 7757, DOI 10.17487/RFC7757, February 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7757>.

   [RFC7915]  Bao, C., Li, X., Baker, F., Anderson, T., and F. Gont,
              "IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm", RFC 7915,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7915, June 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7915>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8305]  Schinazi, D. and T. Pauly, "Happy Eyeballs Version 2:
              Better Connectivity Using Concurrency", RFC 8305,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8305, December 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8305>.

   [RFC8781]  Colitti, L. and J. Linkova, "Discovering PREF64 in Router
              Advertisements", RFC 8781, DOI 10.17487/RFC8781, April
              2020, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8781>.

11.2.  Informative References

   [I-D.ietf-v6ops-6mops]
              Buraglio, N., Caletka, O., and J. Linkova, "IPv6-mostly
              Networks: Deployment and Operations Considerations", Work
              in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-v6ops-6mops-07, 2
              March 2026, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-
              ietf-v6ops-6mops-07>.





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   [I-D.ietf-v6ops-nat64-wkp-1918]
              Kumari, W. and J. Linkova, "NAT64 WKP", Work in Progress,
              Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-v6ops-nat64-wkp-1918-02, 16 May
              2026, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-
              v6ops-nat64-wkp-1918-02>.

   [RFC1794]  Brisco, T., "DNS Support for Load Balancing", RFC 1794,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC1794, April 1995,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1794>.

   [RFC1918]  Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, B., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G.
              J., and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private
              Internets", BCP 5, RFC 1918, DOI 10.17487/RFC1918,
              February 1996, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1918>.

   [RFC5735]  Cotton, M. and L. Vegoda, "Special Use IPv4 Addresses",
              RFC 5735, DOI 10.17487/RFC5735, January 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5735>.

   [RFC5737]  Arkko, J., Cotton, M., and L. Vegoda, "IPv4 Address Blocks
              Reserved for Documentation", RFC 5737,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC5737, January 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5737>.

   [RFC7858]  Hu, Z., Zhu, L., Heidemann, J., Mankin, A., Wessels, D.,
              and P. Hoffman, "Specification for DNS over Transport
              Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 7858, DOI 10.17487/RFC7858, May
              2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7858>.

   [RFC8094]  Reddy, T., Wing, D., and P. Patil, "DNS over Datagram
              Transport Layer Security (DTLS)", RFC 8094,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC8094, February 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8094>.

   [RFC8484]  Hoffman, P. and P. McManus, "DNS Queries over HTTPS
              (DoH)", RFC 8484, DOI 10.17487/RFC8484, October 2018,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8484>.

   [RFC8683]  Palet Martinez, J., "Additional Deployment Guidelines for
              NAT64/464XLAT in Operator and Enterprise Networks",
              RFC 8683, DOI 10.17487/RFC8683, November 2019,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8683>.

   [RFC8925]  Colitti, L., Linkova, J., Richardson, M., and T.
              Mrugalski, "IPv6-Only Preferred Option for DHCPv4",
              RFC 8925, DOI 10.17487/RFC8925, October 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8925>.




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   [RFC9250]  Huitema, C., Dickinson, S., and A. Mankin, "DNS over
              Dedicated QUIC Connections", RFC 9250,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9250, May 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9250>.

Authors' Addresses

   Jordi Palet Martinez
   The IPv6 Company
   Molino de la Navata, 75
   28420 La Navata - Galapagar Madrid
   Spain
   Email: jordi.palet@theipv6company.com
   URI:   https://www.theipv6company.com/


   Alejandro D'Egidio
   Cabase - Cámara Argentina de Internet
   Suipacha, 128 - 3°F
   C1008AAD Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires
   Argentina
   Email: adegidio@cabase.org.ar
   URI:   https://www.cabase.org.ar/




























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