



v6ops Working Group                                               C. Xie
Internet-Draft                                                     C. Ma
Intended status: Informational                             China Telecom
Expires: 31 May 2026                                               X. Li
                                       CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
                                                               G. Mishra
                                                             Verizon Inc
                                                                 T. Graf
                                                                Swisscom
                                                        27 November 2025


   Framework for Multi-domain IPv6-only Underlay Network and IPv4-as-
                               a-Service
           draft-ietf-v6ops-framework-md-ipv6only-underlay-15

Abstract

   For the IPv6 transition, IPv6-only is considered the final stage
   where only IPv6 protocol is used for transport while maintaining
   global reachability for both IPv6 and IPv4 services.  This document
   introduces a framework for a multi-domain IPv6-only underlay network
   from the perspective of network operators.  In particular, it
   proposes stateless address mapping as the basis for enabling IPv4
   service data transmission in a multi-domain IPv6-only environment
   (i.e., IPv4-as-a-Service).  It describes the methodology of stateless
   IPv4/IPv6 mapping, illustrates the behaviors of network devices,
   analyzes the options of IPv6 mapping prefix allocation, and discusses
   the security considerations.  This framework is not intended to
   replace existing IPv6-only technologies, but rather to leverage or
   remain compatible with them.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   This Internet-Draft will expire on 31 May 2026.



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Copyright Notice

   Copyright (c) 2025 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
   document authors.  All rights reserved.

   This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
   Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/
   license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document.
   Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
   and restrictions with respect to this document.  Code Components
   extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as
   described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are
   provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
     1.1.  Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   2.  Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
   3.  IPv6-only Deployment in Multi-domain Network  . . . . . . . .   5
   4.  IPv4/IPv6 Address Mapping for IPv4-as-a-Service . . . . . . .   7
     4.1.  IPv4/IPv6 Address Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
     4.2.  End-to-End IPv4 Service Delivery  . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   5.  Framework Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     5.1.  Overview  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     5.2.  Address Mapping Rule Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     5.3.  Packet Conversion and Transmission  . . . . . . . . . . .  11
   6.  IPv6 Mapping Prefix Allocation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13
   7.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14
     7.1.  Authenticity and Integrity of Packets . . . . . . . . . .  14
     7.2.  BGP-4 and Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4  . . . . . .  14
   8.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   9.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   10. Contributors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15
   11. References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     11.1.  Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
     11.2.  Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  18

1.  Introduction

   IPv6 capabilities have been widely deployed over the past decade,
   with IPv6 traffic growing at a faster rate than IPv4.  As of 2022,
   most IPv6 deployments rely on dual-stack [RFC4213].  However, dual-
   stack has long-term drawbacks, including duplicated network resources
   and states, as well as increased operational complexity from
   maintaining both protocol stacks.  For instance, when broadband users
   experience access service failure, Network Providers (NPs) must



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   determine whether the failure stems from IPv4 or IPv6, effectively
   doubling the troubleshooting effort.  Once IPv6 adoption becomes
   dominant, transitioning to IPv6-only can reduce resource overhead and
   simplify operations.

   In 2016, the IAB stated that it “expects the IETF to no longer
   mandate IPv4 compatibility in new or updated protocols, with future
   IETF work focusing on IPv6 optimization”[IAB-statement].  To ensure
   service continuity after IPv4 address exhaustion, NPs must deploy
   IPv6 while maintaining access to the global IPv4 Internet-commonly
   referred to as IPv4-as-a-Service, which is a logical approach for
   IPv6-only networks.

   The network infrastructure of large NPs typically consists of at
   least an access section and a backbone section.  The access section
   serves customer by delivering access links, assigning addresses, and
   enabling two-way data transmission.  The backbone section, also known
   as the backbone network, is typically a multi-domain network
   comprising interconnected autonomous systems (ASes), each with a
   full-mesh or partial-mesh topology.  The backbone network is
   sometimes referred to as the underlay network.  Accordingly,
   IPv6-only deployment involves two key sections: IPv6-only in the
   access section and IPv6-only in the backbone section.

   For the IPv6-only deployment in the access section, to date various
   transition technologies such as 464XLAT [RFC6877], MAP-T [RFC7599],
   MAP-E [RFC7597], and DS-Lite [RFC6333] have been developed and
   deployed [RFC9313].  These solutions allocate only IPv6 addresses to
   customer terminals or networks, addressing IPv4 address exhaustion on
   the user side while enabling access to both IPv4 and IPv6 Internet
   services.  [I-D.ietf-v6ops-6mops] describes a deployment scenario
   termed as "an IPv6-Mostly network", where IPv6-only and IPv4-enabled
   endpoints coexist on the same network (network segment, VLAN, SSID
   etc.).  It allows IPv6-capable devices to remain IPv6-only while the
   network is seamlessly supplying IPv4 access to those that require it.

   However, the current IPv6-only ecosystem remains incomplete,
   particularly in backbone networks.  For large-scale network NPs, a
   comprehensive multi-domain IPv6-only framework is needed to integrate
   multiple related technologies to ensure seamless IPv4 and IPv6 data
   transmission.  A key objective is to enable efficient IPv4 service
   delivery across a multi-domain IPv6-only network, utilizing tunneling
   or translation to forward data between edge PE devices.  With such a
   framework, IPv4-IPv6 packet conversion relies on stateless address
   mapping at the edges, meaning no user-specific state or translation
   tables are required for packet processing.  In addition, there should
   be no IPv4-to-IPv6 conversion gateway along the data path.




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   Unless otherwise stated, the term “IPv6-only network” in this
   document refers specifically to “IPv6-only underlay network”. This
   document presents a framework for building a large-scale IPv6-only
   network from the perspective of network operators.  As it is
   described at a high level, this framework is not meant to replace
   existing IPv6-only technologies but rather to leverage and remain
   compatible with them, nor does it propose any new IPv6 transition
   mechanisms or IPv4-as-a-Service solutions.  When transmitting IPv4
   service data, this framework enables end-to-end tunneling or
   translation across multiple network providers, and therefore is
   different from existing SRv6/MPLS VPN solutions which are for a
   single NP.  It also differs from "IPinIP" tunneling in that this
   approach includes a control plane, whereas "IPinIP" does not.


1.1.  Requirements Language

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP
   14[RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

2.  Terminology

   The following terms are used in this document:

   *  AS: Autonomous System.

   *  CE: Customer Equipment.

   *  DC: Data Center.

   *  IPv4-embedded IPv6 address: IPv6 address used to represent IPv4
      nodes in an IPv6 network.  This address includes a 32-bit embedded
      IPv4 address and is also referred to as IPv6-mapped addresses
      ([RFC6052]).

   *  IPv4-embedded IPv6 packet: An IPv6 packet created through
      encapsulation or translation of an IPv4 packet, where the source
      and destination IPv4 addresses are statelessly mapped to
      corresponding IPv6 addresses.

   *  Multi-domain IPv6-only underlay network: IPv6-only underlay
      network which consists of multiple ASes operated by single or
      multiple network providers.

   *  MR-DB: Mapping Rule DataBase.



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   *  NP: Network Provider.

   *  NSP: Network-Specific Prefix.

   *  P: Provider Router.

   *  PE: Provider Edge (Section 5.2 of [RFC4026]).

   *  UE: User Equipment, e.g., mobile phone.

   *  WKP: Well-Known Prefix.

3.  IPv6-only Deployment in Multi-domain Network

   This framework is designed to assist large NPs in deploying IPv6-only
   in a multi-domain network.  Large-scale NPs usually manage network
   infrastructure comprising multiple interconnected Autonomous Systems
   (ASes).  This is referred to as a "Multi-domain Underlay Network" in
   this document.  These ASes often support different functions, such as
   metro area networks (MANs), backbone networks, 4G/5G mobile core
   networks, Data Centers (DCs), and may be administered by separate
   departments or NPs with different routing and security policies.  In
   a multi-domain network environment, edge nodes are commonly referred
   to as Provider Edge (PE) routers.  The ingress PE is the router where
   a packet enters the network, while the egress PE is the router where
   it exits.  Internal nodes are typically called Provider (P) routers.

   As some Internet services may remain IPv4-based even in an
   IPv6-dominated environment. an IPv6-only network should support
   access to IPv4-only services, as well as native IPv6 services.
   [RFC6992] describes a routing scenario where IPv4 packets are
   transported over an IPv6 network, based on [RFC7915] and [RFC6052],
   along with a separate OSPFv3 routing table for IPv4-embedded IPv6
   routes in the IPv6 network.  Since it is based on the OSPF protocol,
   it supports IPv4-as-a-Service within a single AS.

   To facilitate the illustration of the framework from the perspective
   of NPs, Figure 1 shows a multi-domain network, namely NP-1, which
   consists of three interconnected ASes, i.e., AS1, AS2, and AS3.
   Among them, AS1 and AS2 are operated by NP-1, AS3 is operated by NP-
   2.  Routers located outside the backbone but directly connected to it
   are referred to as Customer Edge (CE) routers.  AS1 of NP-1 provides
   connectivity services to mobile, home broadband, and enterprise
   customers, represented by CE1, CE2, and CE3, respectively.  [RFC8585]
   defines IPv4 service continuity requirements for IPv6 CE routers,
   extending the basic IPv6 CE specifications to support IPv4 delivery
   in IPv6-only access networks.  Additionally, service instances in DCs
   often require cross-site communication, whether on-premises or in



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   external data centers.  A multi-domain network must facilitate these
   data center connections.  Network NP-1 should support at least two
   connectivity modes for data centers: the first is between a data
   center and individual users, for instance, a user of CE1 accesses a
   service instance hosted in DC1; The second is between data centers,
   for instance, communications occur between service instances hosted
   in DC1 and DC2, respectively.

   Regarding external interconnection, NP-3 is a neighbor of NP-2.  AS4
   of NP-3 is an IPv4-only network and does not support IPv6.  The
   interconnection protocol between AS3 and AS4 is BGP that supports
   IPv4 route advertisement.

                  +-------+                    +-------+
                  |  DC1  |                    |  DC2  |
                  +-------+                    +-------+
                      |                            |
     +----+   /-------|-----------------\   /------|-------\
     |UE/ |\  |       |                 |   |      |       |
     |CE2 | \ |       |                 |   |      |       |
     +----+  \|      PE2        +-+     |   |     PE4      |
              |\    /   \      /   \    |   |    /   \     |       +---+
     +----+   | \  | AS1 |    | AS2 |   |   |   | AS3 |    |      /     \
     |UE/ |---+- PE1     P1--P2     P3--+---+--P4     PE3--+----BR1 AS4  |
     |CE1 |   | /  |     |    |     |   |   |   |     |    |      \ NP-3/
     +----+   |/    \   /      \   /    |   |    \   /     |       +---+
              |      +-+        +-+     |   |     +-+      |
     +----+  /|                         |   |              |
     |UE/ | / |           NP-1          |   |     NP-2     |
     |CE3 |/  |                         |   |              |
     +----+   |                         |   |              |
              \-------------------------/   \--------------/

   Figure 1. An Example of Multi-domain Underlay Network

















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   For network NP-1, deploying IPv6-only without a unified framework may
   lead to independent adoption of IPv6 transition approaches across
   different ASes.  This can result in multiple IPv6-only islands
   interconnected by IPv4 links between domains.  Furthermore, the
   network may operate multiple IPv4-IPv6 packet conversion gateways
   with varying functionalities.  In such cases, IPv6 packets converted
   from IPv4 packets may need to revert to IPv4 at the egress of one AS,
   then back to IPv6 in the next AS.  The number of conversion gateways
   increases with the number of ASes.  An excessive number of IPv4-IPv6
   conversion gateways introduces network complexity and increases
   capital expenditures (CAPEX).  Thus, a unified framework is required
   to define network edge behavior for IPv4 service delivery and
   eliminate unnecessary IPv4/IPv6 conversion gateways within the multi-
   domain network.

   For IPv6-only deployment guided by a unifed framework, IPv4 protocol
   instances are gradually disabled and IPv6 will be the primary
   network-layer protocol.  Specifically, core P routers, such as P1,
   P2, P3, and P4, operate only IPv6 protocol, while PE routers, such as
   PE1, PE2, PE3, and PE4, support IPv4 protocol on interfaces facing
   IPv4 client networks and IPv6 on interfaces facing the core,
   requiring them to handle both address families.  Network NP-1
   transports packets that originate and terminate outside the network.
   These packets enter the IPv6 network at a PE router, traverse the
   network, and exit through another PE router to continue their path.

4.  IPv4/IPv6 Address Mapping for IPv4-as-a-Service

4.1.  IPv4/IPv6 Address Mapping

   To support IPv4-as-a-Service in a multi-domain IPv6-only network, the
   framework proposes each PE device to be allocated and identified by
   at least one IPv6 mapping prefix, denoted by Pref6(PE).  Each PE
   device will also have one or more associated IPv4 address blocks
   which are extracted from local IPv4 routing table or address pool.
   The mapping relationship between an IPv4 address block and its
   corresponding IPv6 prefix is called an address mapping rule, which
   can be represented at a minimum by the following data structure.

           IPv4 address block: Pref6(PE)

   Note that the address mapping rule contains not only the data
   structure described above, but also other necessary information to
   support IPv4 service delivery over the IPv6-only network.  The
   detailed structure definition of the address mapping rule is out of
   the scope of this document.





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   The address mapping rule of destination address will determine the
   direction of IPv4 service data transmission in a multi-domain
   IPv6-only network.  When the address mapping rule corresponding to
   the destination address of a given IPv4 packet is available, the
   ingress PE can generate corresponding IPv6 source and destination
   addresses from its IPv4 source and destination address as below,

   *  The IPv6 source address is derived by appending the IPv4 source
      address to its local IPv6 mapping prefix, i.e., Pref6(ingress PE).

   *  The IPv6 destination address is derived by appending the IPv4
      destination address to the Pref6(egress PE) in its address mapping
      rule.

   Since the address mapping rule adopts prefix-level mapping, there is
   no need to maintain user-related status or translation tables for
   packet transformation at the PE devices.

   [RFC6052] illustrates the algorithmic translation of an IPv4 address
   to a corresponding IPv6 address, and vice versa, using only
   statically configured information.  With this approach, IPv4-embedded
   IPv6 addresses are composed by concatenating the prefix, the 32 bits
   of the IPv4 address, and the suffix (if needed) to obtain a 128-bit
   address.  The prefixes can only have one of the following lengths:
   32, 40, 48, 56, 64, or 96.

   For IPv4 service delivery across a multi-domain IPv6-only network, it
   is proposed that IPv4 address is located at the last 32 bits of the
   IPv6 address, most significant bits first.  The bits between IPv6
   mapping prefix and IPv4 address can be set to zero and are reserved
   for future extensions.  Examples of such representations are
   presented in Table 1.

   +-------------------+------------+--------------------------+
   |IPv6 mapping prefix|IPv4 address|IPv4-embedded IPv6 address|
   +-------------------+------------+--------------------------+
   |2001:db8::/32      |192.0.2.33  |2001:db8::192.0.2.33      |
   |2001:db8:100::/40  |192.0.2.33  |2001:db8:100::192.0.2.33  |
   |2001:db8:122::/48  |192.0.2.33  |2001:db8:122::192.0.2.33  |
   +-------------------+------------+--------------------------+
    Table 1. Text Representation of IPv4-Embedded IPv6 Address










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   Prior to IPv4/IPv6 packets conversion, an ingress PE needs to obtain
   the address mapping rule for the destination address within or across
   domains.  To meet this requirement, specific mechanism of address
   mapping rule exchange needs to be designed, so an egress PE can
   inform other PEs that a IPv4 packet with a destination address being
   within a specific IPv4 address block should be forwarded to itself
   directly.

4.2.  End-to-End IPv4 Service Delivery

   To enable IPv4 service data forwarding in a multi-domain IPv6-only
   network, IPv4 packets must be converted to IPv6 packets-either at the
   UE/CE or at the edge PE of the network.  Consider the network case of
   Section 3, when an ingress PE, e.g., PE1, receives an IPv4 packet
   (destined for a remote IPv4 network, e.g., NP-3) from a client-facing
   interface, it queries its mapping rule database (i.e., MR-DB) to find
   the rule that best matches the packet's destination IPv4 address.
   The IPv6 mapping prefix in the rule identifies the corresponding
   egress PE.  In this case, the ingress and egress PEs reside in
   different autonomous systems (ASes): the ingress PE (PE1) is in AS1
   of NP-1, while the egress PE (PE3) is in AS2 of NP-2.  The ingress PE
   converts the IPv4 destination address into an IPv6 address using
   PE3's IPv6 mapping prefix and forwards the IPv6 packet to PE3.  Upon
   receiving the IPv6 packet, PE3 extracts the original IPv4 source and
   destination addresses from the IPv4-embedded IPv6 addresses and
   reconstructs the IPv4 packet.  The packet is then forwarded to NP-3
   based on the IPv4 routing table maintained at PE3.  In this case, the
   IPv6 data path is between PE1 and PE3, there are only two IPv4-IPv6
   conversion actions, which occur in PE1 and PE3 respectively, as shown
   in Figure 2.

                               IPv6 Data Path
                      |----------------------------------->|
                      |                                    |
                      |   +--+         +--+         +--+   |
                      |  /    \       /    \       /    \  |     +--+
           +----+     | |  AS1 |     |  AS2 |     |  AS3 | |    /    \
           |UE/ |-----PE1      P1---P2      P3---P4      PE3---| IPv4 |
           |CE  |       | IPv6 |     | IPv6 |     | IPv6 |      \ NW /
           +----+        \    /       \    /       \    /        +--+
                          +--+         +--+         +--+

       Figure 2. End-to-end IPv4 Service Delivery from Ingress to Egress

   It should be noted that P3 and P4 are P routers from the perspective
   of the framework defined by this document, although they are the
   network edges of network providers.




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   It can be seen that such a multi-NP tunneling requires only two-end
   NPs to support this solution for it to work, it has no specific
   requirements for NPs in the middle of the path, as long as it
   supports IPv6.

5.  Framework Introduction

5.1.  Overview

   This section outlines the multi-domain IPv6-only underlay network
   framework from the perspective of network operators.  As shown in
   Figure 1, the framework consists of edge PE devices, core P devices,
   and customer-side IPv4 routers.  The PE devices are responsible for
   performing stateless IPv4/IPv6 packet conversion and should support
   the following functions:

       1.  Address Mapping Rule Processing

   *  Generate and manage the address mapping rules

   *  Exchange the address mapping rules across IPv6-only network

       2.  Packet Transformation

   *  Generate IPv4-embedded IPv6 packets using either translation or
      encapsulation

   There are no specific requirements to the P devices.

5.2.  Address Mapping Rule Processing

   Within PE devices, IPv4/IPv6 address mapping rules are processed at
   the control layer, which includes two processes,

       1.  Address Mapping Rule Generation and Management

       For IPv4 service delivery, IPv4/IPv6 address mapping rules need
       to be generated.  In the network shown in Figure 1, when PE3
       receives an IPv4 BGP route advertisement from an IPv4 router,
       e.g., BR1, it extracts IPv4 address blocks and generates address
       mapping rules by combining them with its own IPv6 mapping prefix.
       All the address mapping rules, whether locally generated or
       received from other PEs, are stored in its local MR-DB.  PE
       devices also supports rule management operations, such as
       insertion, modification, and deletion of address mapping rules.






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       If the address mapping rule of a certain IPv4 address block has
       not been received by the ingress PE, the IPv4 service data
       destined to that IPv4 address block will not be forwarded to the
       right egress PE.  To mitigate this issue, the framework
       introduces a default egress PE, which advertises an default
       address mapping rule to all other PEs.  The format of the default
       address mapping rule is as follows:

           0.0.0.0/0: Pref6(PE)

   With the availability of a default egress PE, the ingress PE can
   deliver the IPv4 packets to the default egress PE when it does not
   obtain the address mapping rule for that IPv4 address block.

       2.  Address Mapping Rule Exchange

       The address mapping rules generated at one PE device need to be
       sent to other PE devices, this process can be implemented through
       the routing layer.  When an address mapping rule is generated
       locally, the PE device will convert it into a data structure and
       forwards it to the IPv6 routing engine for transmission.  In the
       opposite direction, upon receiving a routing announcement with an
       address mapping rule from a neighboring IPv6 router, the PE
       device extracts and stores it in its MR-DB.

       To enable address mapping rule transmission at the routing layer,
       extensions to MP-BGP or other protocols would be required, a
       typical approach is illustrated in
       [I-D.ietf-idr-mpbgp-extension-4map6].  It should be noted that
       address mapping rule exchange can be implemented by non-routing
       mechanisms as well, however, this is outside the scope of this
       document.

       Based on the address mapping rule received, the egress PE can be
       visible to the ingress PE.

5.3.  Packet Conversion and Transmission

   In this framework, the forwarding layer of PE devices provides data
   forwarding capability to IPv4-embedded IPv6 packets.  IPv4-embedded
   IPv6 packets can be generated using either translation or
   encapsulation for IPv4 data delivery.

       1.  Translation

       Translation refers to the packet conversion from one protocol
       format to the other.  When the ingress PE receives an IPv4 packet
       from its neighbouring IPv4 network, it queries the local MR-DB



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       which stores all the address mapping rules, if an address mapping
       rule for the IPv4 destination address is found, it will generate
       corresponding IPv6 source and destination addresses from the IPv4
       addresses, following the procedure described in Section 4.1.
       This process should comply with [RFC7915].

       Upon receiving the IPv6 packet, the egress PE checks whether the
       destination IPv6 prefix matches its own IPv6 mapping prefix.  If
       not, it discards it or forwards it as a regular IPv6 packet.
       Otherwise, the egress PE extracts the original IPv4 source and
       destination addresses from the IPv4-embedded IPv6 addresses and
       reconstructs the original IPv4 packet, this process should comply
       with [RFC7915].  The IPv4 packet is then forwarded based on the
       IPv4 routing information maintained at the egress PE.

       2.  Encapsulation

       The address mapping process for encapsulation follows the same
       procedure as translation: When the ingress PE receives an IPv4
       packet from its neighbouring IPv4 network, it queries the local
       MR-DB which stores all the address mapping rules, if an address
       mapping rule for the IPv4 destination address is found, the
       ingress PE will generate corresponding IPv6 source and
       destination addresses from the IPv4 addresses, following the
       procedure described in Section 4.1.

       Upon receiving the IPv6 packet, the egress PE checks whether its
       destination IPv6 prefix matches its own IPv6 mapping prefix.  If
       not, it discards it or forwards it as a regular IPv6 packet.
       Otherwise, the egress PE decapsulates it by removing outer IPv6
       header and restores the original IPv4 packet.  The IPv4 packet is
       then forwarded based on the IPv4 routing information maintained
       at the egress PE.

   For IPv4-embedded IPv6 packets, regardless of whether translation or
   encapsulation is used, the Pref6 part of the IPv6 destination address
   identifies the egress point.  Therefore, packet forwarding can be
   performed by P devices solely based on the Pref6 part of the
   destination address.

   In summary, both translation and encapsulation rely on the same
   control-plane mechanisms (the MR-DB and address mapping rules) and
   impose identical requirements on the IPv6-only core network
   (forwarding based on the Pref6 part of the destination address).

   Although this document illustrates the framework for a multi-domain
   IPv6-only network operated by multiple NPs, this framework is also
   applicable to IPv6-only network operated by single NP.



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6.  IPv6 Mapping Prefix Allocation

   As shown in Section 4.1, for any IPv4 address blocks, IPv6 mapping
   prefixes are needed to generate their corresponding address mapping
   rules, there are two options to allocate IPv6 mapping prefixes:

       1) Well-Known Prefix (WKP)

       A specific WKP can be allocated from the global IPv6 address
       prefix, e.g., 64:ff9b::/96, or an IPv6 address prefix
       specifically assigned for this purpose.

       Pros:

       This can offer two key advantages.  First, NPs are not required
       to dedicate IPv6 address prefixes from their own resources for
       mapping IPv4 addresses.  Second, they can easily control the
       range of IPv6 mapping routes, such as applying routing
       restrictions at network boundaries to prevent leakage into
       external networks.

       Cons:

       When the PE device converts an IPv4 address to an IPv6 address
       using a Well-Known Prefix, the IPv4 portion of the IPv4-embedded
       IPv6 address is used for routing the packet.  Consequently,
       multiple specific routes with prefix longer than /96 may be
       inserted into the FIB of P routers in an IPv6-only network.
       However, most operators do not install any specific routes with
       prefix longer than /96 in their networks.

       2) Network Specific Prefix (NSP)

       NSP refers to a dedicated IPv6 prefix (or a set of prefixes)
       assigned from NP's available IPv6 address pool for IPv4 addresses
       mapping, in this case, one or more distinct IPv6 mapping prefix
       are assigned to each PE router.

       Pros:

       This approach will unlikely introduce new routing entries or
       impact the global IPv6 routing system.  The IPv6 mapping prefix
       is part of a larger and routable IPv6 address block assigned to
       the PE device, so it will be easily aggregrated into the larger
       IPv6 prefix.  For any IPv4-embedded IPv6 packets, the P devices
       can forward them as regular IPv6 packets without requiring a
       specific FIB entry for each IPv6 mapping prefix.




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       Cons:

       None identified so far.

   As specified in Section 4.1, each PE must be assigned at least one
   IPv6 mapping prefix.  This prefix serves as the fundamental
   information for forwarding IPv4-embedded IPv6 packets to the correct
   egress PE.  Operators should carefully determine the IPv6 mapping
   prefix length during implementation.  It is recommended that all IPv6
   mapping prefixes have the same length to avoid unnecessary processing
   cost and complexity introduced by prefix length diversity.

7.  Security Considerations

   Besides regular security checks on configured address mapping rules,
   the following two aspects need to be considered.

7.1.  Authenticity and Integrity of Packets

   In this framework, as the receiver of IPv4-embedded IPv6 packets,
   each egress PE assume that all ingress PEs are legal and authorized
   to send IPv4-embedded IPv6 packets to it.  After the egress PE
   receives IPv4-embedded IPv6 packets, it will transform them into IPv4
   packets and forward them into the IPv4 Internet.  If IPv6 packets
   cannot guarantee their authenticity or integrity, then there may be a
   spoofing attack.  A malicious ingress PEs could send IPv6 packets
   converted from IPv4 packets to attack an egress PE.  Since the PEs in
   this framework are stateless, even when receiving massive traffic
   flows, they won't increase mapping session counts within the device
   like stateful NAT equipment would, thus avoiding significant
   consequences.

7.2.  BGP-4 and Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4

   The framework allows BGP protocol as one approach to propagate
   mapping information over an IPv6-only network.  However, BGP has
   inherent vulnerability, such as route hijacking, where malicious
   alterations to routing announcements can redirect service traffic
   from its intended path or even steer it toward unauthorized
   destinations.











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   When the capability to advertise address mapping rules via BGP is
   introduced, attackers may alter the IPv6 mapping prefix within these
   rules, leading to improper delivery of IPv4 service traffic over
   IPv6-only network.  Such an attack differs from pre-existing
   vulnerabilities in that traffic could be forwarded to a remote target
   across an intervening network infrastructure (e.g., an IPv6 core),
   allowing an attack to potentially succeed more easily since less
   infrastructure needs to be compromised.

   To mitigate this risk, [I-D.ietf-sidrops-moa-profile] proposes an
   approach by leveraging RPKI [RFC6480] architecture to verify the
   authenticity of the address mapping rule associated with an IPv4
   address block.

8.  IANA Considerations

   There are no other special IANA considerations.

9.  Acknowledgements

   The authors would like to thank Brian E.  Carpenter, Mohamed
   Boucadair, Bob Harold, Fred Baker, Xipeng Xiao, Giuseppe Fioccola,
   Vasilenko Eduard, Zhenbin Li, Jen Linkova, Ron Bonica, Shuping Peng,
   Jingrong Xie, Eduard Metz, Wu Qin, Dhruv Dhody, Nick Buraglio, Linda
   Dunbar, Weiqiang Cheng, Aijun Wang, Daryll Swer, Tim Wicinski, David
   'equinox' Lamparter, Tianran Zhou and Huaimo Chen for their review
   and comments.

10.  Contributors

   Guoliang Han
   Indirection Network Inc.
   China
   Email: guoliang.han@indirectionnet.com


   Ruoyu Zhao
   Beijing TC Group
   China
   Email: api_zhao@126.com


   Linjian Song
   Alibaba Cloud
   China
   Email: linjian.slj@alibaba-inc.com





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11.  References

11.1.  Normative References

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC3587]  Hinden, R., Deering, S., and E. Nordmark, "IPv6 Global
              Unicast Address Format", RFC 3587, DOI 10.17487/RFC3587,
              August 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3587>.

   [RFC4026]  Andersson, L. and T. Madsen, "Provider Provisioned Virtual
              Private Network (VPN) Terminology", RFC 4026,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4026, March 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4026>.

   [RFC5565]  Wu, J., Cui, Y., Metz, C., and E. Rosen, "Softwire Mesh
              Framework", RFC 5565, DOI 10.17487/RFC5565, June 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5565>.

   [RFC6052]  Bao, C., Huitema, C., Bagnulo, M., Boucadair, M., and X.
              Li, "IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators", RFC 6052,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6052, October 2010,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6052>.

   [RFC6877]  Mawatari, M., Kawashima, M., and C. Byrne, "464XLAT:
              Combination of Stateful and Stateless Translation",
              RFC 6877, DOI 10.17487/RFC6877, April 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6877>.

   [RFC7915]  Bao, C., Li, X., Baker, F., Anderson, T., and F. Gont,
              "IP/ICMP Translation Algorithm", RFC 7915,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7915, June 2016,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7915>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

11.2.  Informative References









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   [I-D.ietf-idr-mpbgp-extension-4map6]
              Xie, C., Dong, G., Li, X., Han, G., and Z. Guo, "MP-BGP
              Extension and the Procedures for IPv4/IPv6 Mapping
              Advertisement", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
              ietf-idr-mpbgp-extension-4map6-04, 14 May 2025,
              <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-idr-
              mpbgp-extension-4map6-04>.

   [I-D.ietf-sidrops-moa-profile]
              Xie, C., Dong, G., Li, X., Huston, G., and D. Ma, "A
              Profile for Mapping Origin Authorizations (MOAs)", Work in
              Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-sidrops-moa-profile-
              02, 19 July 2025, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
              draft-ietf-sidrops-moa-profile-02>.

   [I-D.ietf-v6ops-6mops]
              Buraglio, N., Caletka, O., and J. Linkova, "IPv6-Mostly
              Networks: Deployment and Operations Considerations", Work
              in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-v6ops-6mops-04, 20
              October 2025, <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/
              draft-ietf-v6ops-6mops-04>.

   [IAB-statement]
              "IAB statement",
              <https://www.iab.org/2016/11/07/iab-statement-on-ipv6/>.

   [RFC4213]  Nordmark, E. and R. Gilligan, "Basic Transition Mechanisms
              for IPv6 Hosts and Routers", RFC 4213,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC4213, October 2005,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4213>.

   [RFC6144]  Baker, F., Li, X., Bao, C., and K. Yin, "Framework for
              IPv4/IPv6 Translation", RFC 6144, DOI 10.17487/RFC6144,
              April 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6144>.

   [RFC6333]  Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J., and Y. Lee, "Dual-
              Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4
              Exhaustion", RFC 6333, DOI 10.17487/RFC6333, August 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6333>.

   [RFC6480]  Lepinski, M. and S. Kent, "An Infrastructure to Support
              Secure Internet Routing", RFC 6480, DOI 10.17487/RFC6480,
              February 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6480>.

   [RFC6992]  Cheng, D., Boucadair, M., and A. Retana, "Routing for
              IPv4-Embedded IPv6 Packets", RFC 6992,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6992, July 2013,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6992>.



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   [RFC7597]  Troan, O., Ed., Dec, W., Li, X., Bao, C., Matsushima, S.,
              Murakami, T., and T. Taylor, Ed., "Mapping of Address and
              Port with Encapsulation (MAP-E)", RFC 7597,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC7597, July 2015,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7597>.

   [RFC7599]  Li, X., Bao, C., Dec, W., Ed., Troan, O., Matsushima, S.,
              and T. Murakami, "Mapping of Address and Port using
              Translation (MAP-T)", RFC 7599, DOI 10.17487/RFC7599, July
              2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7599>.

   [RFC8585]  Palet Martinez, J., Liu, H. M.-H., and M. Kawashima,
              "Requirements for IPv6 Customer Edge Routers to Support
              IPv4-as-a-Service", RFC 8585, DOI 10.17487/RFC8585, May
              2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8585>.

   [RFC9313]  Lencse, G., Palet Martinez, J., Howard, L., Patterson, R.,
              and I. Farrer, "Pros and Cons of IPv6 Transition
              Technologies for IPv4-as-a-Service (IPv4aaS)", RFC 9313,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC9313, October 2022,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9313>.

Authors' Addresses

   Chongfeng Xie
   China Telecom
   Beiqijia Town, Changping District
   Beijing
   102209
   China
   Email: xiechf@chinatelecom.cn


   Chenhao Ma
   China Telecom
   Beiqijia Town, Changping District
   Beijing
   102209
   China
   Email: machh@chinatelecom.cn


   Xing Li
   CERNET Center/Tsinghua University
   Shuangqing Road No.30, Haidian District
   Beijing
   100084
   China



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   Email: xing@cernet.edu.cn


   Gyan Mishra
   Verizon Inc
   Email: gyan.s.mishra@verizon.com


   Thomas Graf
   Swisscom
   Binzring 17
   CH- 8045 Zurich
   Switzerland
   Email: thomas.graf@swisscom.com





































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